Table 4.
Association of social frailty with outcomes.
| Outcome Variables | Total | Social Non-Frailty | Social Pre-Frailty | Social Frailty | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 229 | n = 146 (63.8%) | n = 66 (28.8%) | n = 17 (7.4%) | ||
| Mood | |||||
| GDS ^, max 15 | 1.00 (0–2.00) | 0 (0–1.00) | 1.00 (0–2.00) c | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) a,b | 0.000 |
| Nutrition | |||||
| MNA total, max 30 | 27.20 ± 1.86 | 27.49 ± 1.65 | 26.74 ± 2.05 c | 26.44 ± 2.37 | 0.005 |
| SNAQ total, max 20 | 15.79 ± 1.51 | 15.96 ± 1.35 | 15.56 ± 1.78 | 15.18 ± 1.43 | 0.045 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 30.58 ± 8.79 | 30.40 ± 8.87 | 30.74 ± 7.59 | 31.59 ± 12.31 | 0.857 |
| Albumin, g/l | 41.16 ± 2.57 | 41.47 ± 2.47 | 40.47 ± 2.66 c | 41.18 ± 2.67 | 0.032 |
| Physical performance | |||||
| SPPB ^, max 12 | 12.00 (11.00–12.00) |
12.00 (12.00–12.00) |
12.00 (11.00–12.00) c |
11.00 (9.50–12.00) a |
0.000 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.17 ± 0.23 | 1.20 ± 0.23 | 1.14 ± 0.22 | 1.05 ± 0.18 a | 0.014 |
| 5-time repeated chair stand, sec | 9.46 ± 3.03 | 8.73 ± 2.74 | 10.45 ± 3.07 c | 11.92 ± 3.01 a | 0.000 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 23.51 ± 7.14 | 24.75 ± 7.13 | 21.47 ± 6.68 c | 20.76 ± 6.80 | 0.002 |
| Physical activity and life–space | |||||
| IPAQ, METs | 5042.45 ± 2402.70 | 5473.98 ± 2364.50 | 4321.39 ± 2278.25 c | 4135.75 ± 2407.14 a | 0.001 |
| Life–space Level 1, max 8 | 7.97 ± 0.30 | 7.99 ± 0.17 | 7.94 ± 0.49 | 8.00 ± 0.00 | 0.526 |
| Life–space Level 2, max 16 | 15.35 ± 2.17 | 15.64 ± 1.62 | 14.85 ± 2.87 c | 14.82 ± 2.74 | 0.026 |
| Life–space Level 3, max 24 | 18.71 ± 6.90 | 19.19 ± 6.85 | 17.39 ± 6.90 | 19.76 ± 6.96 | 0.171 |
| Life–space Level 4, max 32 | 21.46 ± 8.51 | 21.19 ± 8.00 | 21.52 ± 9.03 | 23.53 ± 10.76 | 0.564 |
| Life–space Level 5, max 40 | 26.79 ± 9.68 | 28.30 ± 9.55 | 24.28 ± 9.28 c | 23.53 ± 9.96 | 0.006 |
| Life–space Total, max 120 | 90.34 ± 17.64 | 92.26 ± 16.31 | 86.27 ± 18.71 | 89.65 ± 22.32 | 0.071 |
Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; ^ Median (IQR); GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MET; Metabolic Equivalent Task; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; SNAQ, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery. a Post-hoc, p < 0.05 compared with social non-frailty; b Post-hoc, p < 0.05 compared with social pre-frailty; c Post-hoc, p < 0.05 compared with social non-frailty.