Figure 2.

Dielectrophoretic responses of monocytes and macrophages: (a) Positions of the cells in the electrode array when they are influenced by nDEP, crossover frequency (CF) and pDEP, respectively; (b) Translational movement of U937 monocytes under 20 Vpp, 50 kHz–1 MHz nonuniform AC field; (c) Translational movement of U937-differentiated macrophages under 10 Vpp, 50 kHz–1 MHz nonuniform AC field. The cool colors show the number of nDEP- behaved cells due to repelling DEP forces while the warm colors demonstrate pDEP-responded cells owing to attractive DEP forces. Zero means the crossover frequency with zero movements, which is coded in green color. n = 80 for monocytes, n = 30 for macrophages.