Table 3.
The optical properties of plant part-derived CDs as biosensors. Abbreviations: λEx, excitation wavelength; λEm, emission wavelength; QY, quantum yield, Abs, absorbance; B/G/Y, blue/green/yellow.
| Precursors | λEx (nm) | λEm (nm) | QY (%) | Abs. (nm) | FL Color | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aloe | 441 | 503 | 10.37 | 278 | Bright blue | [48] |
| Sargassum fluitans | 340 | 450 | 18.2 | 226/280 | Blue | [49] |
| Mushroom | 370 | 455 | 15.3 | 285 | Blue | [50] |
| Shiitake mushroom | 330 | 410 | 5.5 | 240–290/420–500 | Bright blue | [51] |
| Saffron | 400 | 485 | 23.6 | 275 | Green-blue | [52] |
| Cauliflower | 325 | 400 | 43 | 280 | Blue | [53] |
| Bauhinia flower | 355 | 442 | 27 | 228/282 | Blue | [77] |
| Rose flower | 390 | 435 | 13.45 | - | Blue | [79] |
| Mahogany fruit shell | 320 | 430 | 1.9 | 300 | - | [90] |
| Coconut water | 390 | 450 | 2.8 | 290 | Blue/green | [81] |
| Tomato juice | 367 | 440 | 13.9 | - | Blue | [57] |
| Tomato | 360/420/460 | 450/520/560 | 12.7 | 260/280/285 | B/G/Y | [93] |
| Papaya flesh | 370 | 450 | 18.98 | 250–290 | Blue | [58] |
| Lemon/grape/turmeric/EDA | - | - | 20 | 350 | Blue | [60] |
| L. camara berry/EDA | 360 | 450 | 33.15 | 285/356 | Blue | [61] |
| Muskmelon | 342/415/425 | 432/515/554 | 14.3 | 314/414/467 | B/G/Y | [92] |
| Lemon juice | 420 | 540 | 21 | 280 | Bright green | [59] |
| Lycii fructus + NH3 | 350 | 430 | 17.2 | 271/300 | Blue | [62] |
| Date kernel | 340 | 430 | 12.5 | 275 | Blue | [63] |
| Pineapple Peel | 380 | 435 | 42 | 280 | Blue | [64] |
| Pineapple | 318/395/393 | 438/516/543 | 44.7 | 318/395/393 | B/G/Y | [94] |
| Watermelon juice | 355 | 439 | 10.6 | 282/355 | Blue | [65] |
| Citrus sinensis/limon peels | 365/330 | 455/390, 435 | 16.8/15.5 | 270 | Blue | [85] |
| Lemon/Onion/NH3 | 340 | 425 | 23.6 | 280/340 | Bright blue | [78] |
| Ginkgo leaf | 350 | 436 | 22.8 | 230/280 | Bright blue | [66] |
| Waste tea residue | 310 | 430 | 2.47 | 302 | - | [91] |
| Henna | 360 | 440 | 28.7 | 270–380 | Green | [67] |
| Scallion | 320 | 418 | 3.2 | 281 | Blue | [68] |
| Azadirachta indica (neem) | 340 | 467 | 27.2 | 276/340 | Blue | [69] |
| Prosopis juliflora | 325/350 | 396/437 | 5 | 300–500 | Bright blue | [83] |
| Waste tea/EDA | 350 | 445 | 7.1 | 270/330 | Blue | [70] |
| Mint | 360 | 441 | 7.64 | 225/281/323 | Cyan | [71] |
| Water hyacinth | 400 | 486 | 27 | 285/350 | Blue | [86] |
| White pepper | 420 | 520/668 | 10.4 | 261/310/343/665 | - | [74] |
| Groundnut | 360 | 443 | 7.87 | 279 | - | [54] |
| Kiwi, white & black sesame | - | - | - | 275/325 | - | [84] |
| Mustard | 330 | 423 | 4.6 | 245/312 | Blue | [55] |
| Water Chestnut/Onion | 370 | 475 | 12 | 242/333 | Green-blue | [56] |