Table 1.
Prevalence and bivariate analysis of the association of pain, severe pain, and number of pain sites with the variables of socio-demographic, status, food intake, and lifestyle in severely obese adults (n = 150).
| Variable | Pain | Severe Pain | Four or More Painful Sites | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | |
| Gender | 0.158 | 0.901 | 0.036 | ||||||
| Male | 17 (77.27) | 1 | 15 (68.18) | 1 | 6 (27.27) | 1 | |||
| Female | 117 (91.41) | 1.18 (0.94–1.49) | 89 (69.53) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 74 (57.81) | 2.12 (1.05–4.27) | |||
| Age (years) | 0.406 * | 0.687 | 0.864 | ||||||
| 18–39 | 69 (90.79) | 1 | 51 (67.11) | 1 | 39 (51.32) | 1 | |||
| 40–49 | 48 (90.57) | 0.99 (0.89–1.12) | 37 (69.81) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 29 (54.72) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | |||
| 50 or more | 17 (80.95) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 16 (76.19) | 1.14 (0.85–1.51) | 12 (57.14) | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) | |||
| Occupation | 0.968 | 0.936 | 0.678 | ||||||
| Formal worker | 45 (90.00) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 34 (68.00) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 26 (52.00) | 1.04 (0.71–1.52) | |||
| Informal worker/self-employed | 46 (88.46) | 1 | 37 (71.15) | 1 | 26 (50.00) | 1 | |||
| Retired/housewife and others 1 | 43 (89.58) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 33 (68.75) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 28 (58.33) | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | |||
| Lives with partner | 0.552 | 0.748 | 0.204 | ||||||
| No | 48 (87.27) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 39 (70.91) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 33 (60.00) | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | |||
| Yes | 86 (90.53) | 1 | 65 (68.42) | 1 | 47 (49.47) | 1 | |||
| Schooling (years) | 0.598 | 0.081 | 0.744 | ||||||
| ≤10 | 66 (88.00) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 57 (76.00) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 41 (54.67) | 1.05 (0.78–1.42) | |||
| ≥11 | 68 (90.67) | 1 | 47 (62.67) | 1 | 39 (52.00) | 1 | |||
| Economic class | 0.303 * | 0.079 * | 0.004 | ||||||
| A-B | 28 (82.35) | 1 | 19 (55.88) | 1 | 10 (29.41) | 1 | |||
| C | 83 (90.22) | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 65 (70.65) | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) | 52 (56.52) | 1.92 (1.11–3.34) | |||
| D | 23 (95.83) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 20 (83.33) | 1.49 (1.05–2.11) | 18 (75.00) | 2.55 (1.44–4.52) | |||
| Smoker | 0.267 * | 0.232 | 0.508 | ||||||
| No | 88 (87.13) | 1 | 67 (66.34) | 1 | 52 (51.49) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 46 (93.88) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 37 (75.51) | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | 28 (57.14) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.450 | 0.497 | 0.981 | ||||||
| No | 97 (90.65) | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 76 (71.03) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 57 (53.27) | 0.99 (0.71–1.39) | |||
| Yes | 37 (86.05) | 1 | 28 (65.12) | 1 | 23 (53.49) | 1 | |||
| Fruit consumption (daily) | 0.173 | 0.774 | 0.528 | ||||||
| No | 101 (91.82) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 77 (70.00) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 57 (51.82) | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) | |||
| Yes | 33 (82.50) | 1 | 27 (67.50) | 1 | 23 (57.50) | 1 | |||
| Vegetable consumption (daily) | 1.000 * | 0.867 | 0.420 | ||||||
| No | 97 (88.99) | 1 | 76 (69.72) | 1 | 56 (51.38) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 37 (90.24) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 28 (68.29) | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 24 (58.54) | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | |||
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 0.399 | 0.432 | 0.680 | ||||||
| <Median (1182.15) | 63 (88.73) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 52 (73.24) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 40 (56.34) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) | |||
| ≥Median (1182.15) | 65 (92.86) | 1 | 47 (67.14) | 1 | 37 (52.86) | 1 | |||
| LPA (min/day) | 0.752 | 0.498 | 0.551 | ||||||
| <Median (164.89) | 65 (91.55) | 1 | 48 (67.61) | 1 | 37 (52.11) | 1 | |||
| ≥Median (164.89) | 63 (90.00) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 51 (72.86) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 40 (57.14) | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | |||
| MVPA (min/day) | 0.009 * | 0.432 | 0.680 | ||||||
| <Median (8.48) | 69 (97.18) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 52 (73.24) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 40 (56.34) | 1.06 (0.79–1.44) | |||
| ≥Median (8.48) | 59 (84.29) | 1 | 47 (67.14) | 1 | 37 (52.86) | 1 | |||
1 Other includes: student, rural worker, unemployed, laid off, receiving pension, and sick-pay recipient. CI: confidence interval; LPA: light physical activity; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; PR: adjusted prevalence ratio. Wald test was used to calculate all “p” values, except when frequencies were below five, in which case, Fisher’s exact test * was used. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold mark). Variables with p < 0.20 were further analyzed by multiple hierarchical Poisson regression.