Table 2.
Prevalence and bivariate analysis of the association of pain, severe pain, and number of pain sites with the clinical and anthropometric variables in severely obese adults (n = 150).
| Variable | Pain | Severe Pain | Four or More Painful Sites | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence n (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | |
| Fall in the last 12 months | 0.354 * | 0.155 | 0.219 | ||||||
| No | 84 (86.60) | 1 | 64 (65.98) | 1 | 51 (52.58) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 34 (94.44) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 28 (77.78) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) | 23 (63.89) | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) | |||
| Fracture | 0.554 * | 0.028 | 0.249 | ||||||
| No | 83 (87.37) | 1 | 61 (64.21) | 1 | 50 (52.63) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 35 (92.11) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 31 (81.58) | 1.27 (1.03–1.57) | 24 (63.16) | 1.2 (0.88–1.64) | |||
| Anxiety | 0.188 | 0.060 | 0.006 | ||||||
| No | 34 (82.93) | 1 | 23 (56.10) | 1 | 13 (31.71) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 100 (91.74) | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 81 (74.31) | 1.32 (0.99–1.78) | 67 (61.47) | 1.94 (1.21–3.12) | |||
| Depression | 0.279 | 0.080 | 0.002 | ||||||
| No | 47 (85.45) | 1 | 33 (60.00) | 1 | 19 (34.55) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 87 (91.58) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 71 (74.74) | 1.25 (0.97–1.59) | 61 (64.21) | 1.86 (1.25–2.76) | |||
| Arthritis/arthrosis | 0.524 * | 0.002 * | 0.007 | ||||||
| No | 104 (88.14) | 1 | 75 (63.56) | 1 | 57 (48.31) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 30 (93.75) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 29 (90.63) | 1.43 (1.19–1.70) | 23 (71.88) | 1.49 (1.12–1.98) | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 0.828 | 0.610 | 0.501 | ||||||
| No | 80 (88.89) | 1 | 61 (67.78) | 1 | 46 (51.11) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 54 (90.00) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 43 (71.67) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 34 (56.67) | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | |||
| Use of analgesics | 0.615 | 0.932 | 0.113 | ||||||
| No | 76 (90.48) | 1 | 58 (69.05) | 1 | 40 (47.62) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 58 (87.88) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 46 (69.70) | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | 40 (60.61) | 1.27 (0.94–1.71) | |||
| Use of anti-inflammatory agents | 0.362 * | 0.754 | 0.597 | ||||||
| No | 101 (87.83) | 1 | 79 (68.70) | 1 | 60 (52.17) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 33 (94.29) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 25 (71.43) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 20 (57.14) | 1.10 (0.78–1.53) | |||
| Use of statin | - | 0.724 * | 1.000* | ||||||
| No | 124 (88.57) | - | 96 (68.57) | 1 | 75 (53.57) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 10 (100.00) | - | 8 (80.00) | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) | 5 (50.00) | 0.93 (0.49–1.77) | |||
| Use of muscle relaxant | 0.016 * | 0.037 | 0.291 | ||||||
| No | 56 (82.35) | 1 | 41 (60.29) | 1 | 33 (48.53) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 78 (95.12) | 1.16 (1.02–1.30) | 63 (76.83) | 1.27 (1.02–1.60) | 47 (57.32) | 1.18 (0.87–1.61) | |||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 0.430 * | 0.640 | 0.344 | ||||||
| Normal | 118 (90.08) | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 90 (68.70) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 72 (54.96) | 1.31 (0.75–2.27) | |||
| High | 16 (84.21) | 1 | 14 (73.68) | 1 | 8 (42.11) | 1 | |||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.418 | 0.963 | 0.885 | ||||||
| Nonreactive | 98 (90.74) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 75 (69.44) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 58 (53.70) | 1.03 (0.73–1.44) | |||
| Reactive | 36 (85.71) | 1 | 29 (69.05) | 1 | 22 (52.38) | 1 | |||
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 0.450 * | 0.467 | 0.594 | ||||||
| Deficiency | 28 (96.55) | 1 | 17 (58.62) | 1 | 14 (48.28) | 1 | |||
| Insufficiency | 45 (88.24) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 37 (72.55) | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 30 (58.82) | 1.22 (0.78–1.90) | |||
| Sufficiency | 61 (87.14) | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 50 (71.43) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) | 36 (51.43) | 1.07 (0.68–1.65) | |||
| Degree of obesity (kg/m2) | 0.668 * | 0.539 | 0.585 | ||||||
| 35–39.9 | 23 (92.00) | 1 | 15 (60.00) | 1 | 12 (48.00) | 1 | |||
| 40–49.9 | 76 (90.48) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 61 (72.62) | 1.21 (0.85–1.71) | 48 (57.14) | 1.19 (0.76–1.87) | |||
| ≥50 | 35 (85.37) | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 28 (68.29) | 1.14 (0.77–1.67) | 20 (48.78) | 1.02 (0.61–1.70) | |||
CI: confidence interval; PR: adjusted prevalence ratio. Wald test was used to calculate all “p” values, except when frequencies were below five, in which case, the Fisher’s exact test was used (indicated by *). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold mark). Variables with p < 0.20 were further analyzed by multiple hierarchical Poisson regression.