Table 2.
Group Comparison of SPI-A, SIPS, and PANSS Symptoms Between First-Episode Psychosis (FEP), Clinical High Risk (CHR), and Major Depression (MD)
| SPI-A symptom | % Present (score ≥ 1) | χ 2 (df = 2) | P Value | Post hoc Test Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Impaired tolerance to unusual, unexpected or specific novel demands | 73.9 | 43.924 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| A2 | Impaired tolerance to certain social everyday situations | 74.5 | 61.369 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| A3 | Impaired tolerance to working under pressure of time or rapidly changing different demands | 77.1 | 49.431 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| A4 | Changes in mood and emotional responsiveness | 96.4 | 4.502 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| A5 | Decrease in positive emotional responsiveness toward others | 85.1 | 6.852 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| B1 | Inability to divide attention a | 41.8 | 48.562 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| B2 | Feeling overly distracted by stimuli | 47.4 | 38.561 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| B3 | Difficulties concentrating | 90.6 | 25.877 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| B4 | Difficulties to hold things in mind for less than half an hour | 62.6 | 43.837 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| B5 | Slowed-down thinking | 62.6 | 15.096 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| B6 | Lack of thought energy. Purposive thoughts | 64.2 | 40.345 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| C1 | Increased indecisiveness with regard to insignificant choices between equal alternatives | 61.5 | 21.128 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| C2 | Thought interference (B) | 47.6 | 65.711 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| C3 | Thought blockages | 55.9 | 69.661 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| C4 | Disturbance of receptive speech | 54.4 | 82.030 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| C5 | Disturbance of expressive speech | 55.2 | 45.540 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| C6 | Disturbance of immediate recall | 53.8 | 59.286 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| D1 | Decreased capacity to discriminate between different kinds of emotions | 35.0 | 21.937 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| D2 | Increased emotional reactivity in response to routine social interactions | 82.8 | 19.381 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| D3 | Thought pressure (B) | 51.7 | 98.630 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D4 | Unstable ideas of reference | 56.4 | 122.866 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D5 | Changed perception of the face or body of others | 13.1 | 19.244 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| E1 | Bodily sensations of numbness and stiffness | 15.6 | 11.682 | .003 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| E2 | Bodily sensations of pain in a distinct area | 17.5 | 8.668 | .013 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| E3 | Bodily sensations migrating through the body | 5.3 | 6.061 | .048 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| E4 | Bodily sensations of being electrified | 8.2 | 3.508 | .173 | FEP = CHR = MD |
| E5 | Bodily sensations of movement or pressure | 1.1 | 16.971 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| E6 | Bodily sensations of body/body parts changing size | 8.3 | 8.433 | .015 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| F1 | Hypersensitivity to light / optic stimuli | 29.8 | 10.791 | .005 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| F2 | Photopsia | 10.2 | 4.868 | .088 | FEP = CHR = MD |
| F3 | Micropsia. Macropsia | 4.1 | 3.885 | .143 | FEP = CHR = MD |
| F4 | Hypersensitivity to sounds/noise (B) | 50.7 | 41.968 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| F5 | Changed intensity/quality of acoustic stimuli (B) | 33.5 | 56.320 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| F6 | Somatopsychic bodily depersonalization | 8.1 | 30.187 | < .001 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| O1 | Thought perseveration | 45.6 | 59.855 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| O4.10 | Partial seeing including tubular vision | 8.1 | 8.753 | .013 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| O11 | Loss of automatic skills | 17.4 | 9.079 | .011 | FEP = CHR > MD |
| SIPS symptom | % Present (score ≥ 1) | χ 2 (df = 2) | P Value | Post hoc Test Results | |
| P1 | Unusual thought content / delusional ideas (B) | 64.1 | 327.979 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P2 | Suspiciousness / persecutory ideas (B) | 56.5 | 224.593 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P3 | Grandiosity | 16.7 | 48.092 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P4 | Perceptual abnormalities / hallucinations (C) | 51.5 | 169.359 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P5 | Disorganized communication (C) (B) | 44.6 | 176.170 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N1 | Social anhedonia or withdrawal (B) | 73.7 | 88.458 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N2 | Avolition | 76.1 | 31.594 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N3 | Decreased expression of emotion | 48.6 | 71.400 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N4 | Decreased experience of emotions and self | 49.6 | 41.103 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N5 | Decreased ideational richness | 39.8 | 74.304 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N6 | Deterioration in role functioning (B) | 65.6 | 144.901 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D1 | Odd behavior or apperance (B) | 25.1 | 82.437 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D2 | Bizarre thinking | 29.5 | 147.272 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D3 | Trouble with focus and attention | 54.3 | 59.859 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| D4 | Personal hygiene / social attentiveness | 36.4 | 65.281 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G1 | Sleep disturbance | 67.8 | 57.949 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G2 | Dysphoric mood | 83.3 | 41.442 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G3 | Motor disturbances | 26.6 | 43.137 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G4 | Impaired tolerance to normal stress | 62.2 | 92.888 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| PANSS symptom | % Present (score ≥ 2) | χ 2 (df = 2) | P Value | Post hoc Test Results | |
| P1 | Delusions (C) (B) | 54.1 | 323.187 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P2 | Conceptual disorganization (B) | 42.5 | 158.552 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P3 | Hallucinatory behavior (C) | 42.3 | 178.026 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P4 | Excitement (B) | 49.6 | 115.759 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P5 | Grandiosity | 14.1 | 60.153 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P6 | Suspiciousness (B) | 52.0 | 215.481 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| P7 | Hostility (B) | 22.4 | 74.665 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N1 | Blunted affect (B) | 46.4 | 128.659 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N2 | Emotional withdrawal (B) | 49.4 | 99.024 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N3 | Poor rapport (B) | 46.1 | 118.884 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N4 | Passive-apathetic social withdrawal | 68.9 | 99.547 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N5 | Difficulty in abstract thinking (B) | 33.5 | 115.227 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N6 | Lack of spontaneity & flow of conversation | 40.0 | 46.614 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| N7 | Stereotyped thinking (B) | 41.6 | 137.145 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G1 | Somatic concern | 45.0 | 17.682 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G2 | Anxiety | 59.8 | 69.127 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G3 | Guilt feelings | 37.8 | 2.800 | .247 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G4 | Tension | 79.1 | 71.219 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G5 | Manierisms & posturing | 15.8 | 59.638 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G6 | Depression (B) | 80.8 | 2.082 | .353 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G7 | Motor retardation | 42.7 | 28.285 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G8 | Uncooperativeness | 19.6 | 46.924 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G9 | Unusual thought content | 33.7 | 144.471 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G10 | Disorientation | 7.4 | 33.679 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G11 | Poor attention | 44.5 | 80.760 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G12 | Lack of judgement & insight | 27.7 | 91.450 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G13 | Disturbance of volition | 28.8 | 34.491 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G14 | Poor impulse control | 37.5 | 23.121 | < .001 | FEP > CHR = MD |
| G15 | Preoccupation | 45.7 | 53.959 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
| G16 | Active social avoidance | 53.9 | 85.310 | < .001 | FEP > CHR > MD |
Note: Kruskal-Wallis H-test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U-test (2-tailed alpha > 0.05) were used.
a Bold indicates SPI-A symptoms that are part of the basic symptom criteria, and SIPS and PANSS symptoms included in ultra-high-risk criteria. (B): bridge symptom. (C): central symptom.