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The effect of oral uptake of E. brevicornum extract and/or tramadol on malondialdehyde (MDA) (A), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B), and nitric oxide (NO) (C) activity concentrations in testes of male rats. Results are represented as mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way ANOVA accompanied by Bonferroni’s test for multiple comparisons. * Significant variation in the tramadol-treated group.
