Figure 7.

Plate (A): photomicrograph of the rat testis in the control rats shows normal, intact seminiferous tubules with normal lining epithelium and stratified seminiferous epithelium with normal interstitial connective tissue. Plate (B): photomicrograph of the rat testis in Group 2, which received E. brevicornum extract at a dose of 2.43 g/kg/day, show normal testicular parenchyma. Plate (C): photomicrographs of the testis in Group 3, which received tramadol at doses of 50 mg/kg/day and oral daily plate C, show necrosis, degeneration of the seminiferous tubule, sloughing of the stratified seminiferous epithelium, spermatogenic cells, and Sertoli cells, indicated with black arrows. Plate (D): photomicrographs of the rat testis of Group 4, which received tramadol at 50 mg/kg/day for 65 days, followed by TAM and E. brevicornum extract at a dose of 0.81 g/kg/day for another 65 days, show slight destruction and sloughing of spermatogenic cells, with slight hyperplasia of Leydig cells and slightly hyaline degeneration of the interstitial CT. Plate (E): photomicrographs of the testis in Group 5, which received tramadol at 50 mg/kg/day for 65 days, followed by tramadol and E. brevicornum extract at a dose of 2.43 g/kg/day for another 65 days.