Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 6195) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n or Mean | % or SD | ||
| Maternal age (year) | Mean | 31.4 | 4.8 |
| <25 | 460 | 7.4 | |
| 25–29 | 1721 | 27.8 | |
| 30–34 | 2325 | 37.5 | |
| 35–39 | 1405 | 22.7 | |
| ≥40 | 272 | 4.4 | |
| Missing | 12 | 0.2 | |
| Paternal age (year) | Mean | 33.3 | 5.5 |
| <24 | 270 | 4.4 | |
| 25–29 | 1284 | 20.7 | |
| 30–34 | 2141 | 34.6 | |
| 35–39 | 1718 | 27.7 | |
| ≥40 | 763 | 12.3 | |
| Missing | 19 | 0.3 | |
| Age difference between partner and woman | <−5 | 118 | 1.9 |
| −5–−1 | 1224 | 19.8 | |
| 0–4 | 3609 | 58.3 | |
| 5–9 | 939 | 15.2 | |
| 10–14 | 218 | 3.5 | |
| ≥15 | 68 | 1.1 | |
| Missing | 19 | 0.3 | |
| Someone who supported during pregnancy | Yes | 6042 | 97.5 |
| No | 134 | 2.2 | |
| Missing | 19 | 0.3 | |
| Financial status | Stable | 2784 | 44.9 |
| Able to manage | 2502 | 40.4 | |
| Difficult to manage or unstable | 659 | 10.6 | |
| Missing | 250 | 4.0 | |
| Maternal employment status | Full-time | 1027 | 16.6 |
| Part-time | 295 | 4.8 | |
| Not working | 4794 | 77.4 | |
| Missing | 79 | 1.3 | |
| Paternal employment status | Full-time | 6033 | 97.4 |
| Part-time | 48 | 0.8 | |
| Not working | 50 | 0.8 | |
| Missing | 64 | 1.0 | |
| Living with grandfather | No | 5673 | 91.6 |
| Yes | 522 | 8.4 | |
| Living with grandmother | No | 5513 | 89.0 |
| Yes | 682 | 11.0 | |
| Infertility treatment | No | 5399 | 87.2 |
| Yes | 726 | 11.7 | |
| Missing | 70 | 1.1 | |
| Unintended pregnancy | No | 5738 | 92.6 |
| Yes | 443 | 7.2 | |
| Missing | 14 | 0.2 | |
| Sex of the child | Boy | 3116 | 50.3 |
| Girl | 3027 | 48.9 | |
| Missing | 52 | 0.8 | |
| Birth order | First child | 3105 | 50.1 |
| Subsequent child | 3075 | 49.6 | |
| Missing | 15 | 0.2 | |
| Unsatisfactory delivery | No | 6038 | 97.5 |
| Yes | 141 | 2.3 | |
| Missing | 16 | 0.3 | |
| Low birth weight | No | 5655 | 91.3 |
| Yes | 517 | 8.3 | |
| Missing | 23 | 0.4 | |
| Preterm | No | 5725 | 92.4 |
| Yes | 350 | 5.6 | |
| Missing | 120 | 1.9 | |
| Maternal smoking history | No | 5570 | 89.9 |
| Yes | 623 | 10.1 | |
| Missing | 2 | 0.0 | |
| Maternal drinking history | No | 5948 | 96.0 |
| Yes | 236 | 3.8 | |
| Missing | 11 | 0.2 | |
| History of miscarriage | No | 5091 | 82.2 |
| Yes | 1102 | 17.8 | |
| Missing | 2 | 0.0 | |
| Termination of pregnancy | No | 5790 | 93.5 |
| Missing | 403 | 6.5 | |
| Yes | 2 | 0.0 | |
| Verbal abuse from partner | None | 5556 | 89.7 |
| A few times/sometimes/often | 617 | 10.0 | |
| Missing | 22 | 0.4 | |
| Physical abuse from partner | None | 6128 | 98.9 |
| A few times/sometimes/often | 60 | 1.0 | |
| Missing | 7 | 0.1 | |
| Maternal depressive symptoms during one year prior to pregnancy | No | 5317 | 85.8 |
| Yes | 867 | 14.0 | |
| Missing | 11 | 0.2 | |
| Maternal history of mental disorders | No | 6109 | 98.6 |
| Yes | 86 | 1.4 | |