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. 2020 Jun 15;17(12):4270. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124270

Table 3.

Association between social support categories of mothers and PPD.

Variables Prevalence of PPD (%) Crude Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Classification based on social support from partner or others Having both partner’s and others’ social support 7.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Having partner’s support, but not others’ 21.3 3.32 2.07–5.32 2.74 1.68–4.49 2.56 1.54–4.24 2.53 1.52–4.22 2.34 1.37–3.98
Having others’ support, but not partner’s 36.9 7.18 5.17–9.97 4.75 3.35–6.73 4.23 2.94–6.08 3.13 2.15–4.56 3.13 2.11–4.63
Not having either partner’s or others’ support 63.6 21.5 6.27–73.7 13.3 3.63–48.9 13.2 3.50–49.6 13.3 3.47–50.7 7.22 1.76–29.6
Maternal age (year) <25 16.1 2.45 1.82–3.28 1.76 1.28–2.41 1.72 1.24–2.40 1.53 1.09–2.15 1.46 1.02–2.08
25–29 8.3 1.16 0.92–1.46 1.06 0.83–1.35 1.07 0.83–1.37 1.07 0.83–1.38 1.04 0.80–1.35
30–34 7.2 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
35–39 7.9 1.09 0.85–1.40 1.11 0.85–1.43 1.05 0.80–1.37 1.07 0.81–1.40 1.10 0.83–1.45
≥40 14.0 2.07 1.42–3.02 1.99 1.33–2.97 1.67 1.1–2.53 1.77 1.16–2.69 1.78 1.15–2.76
Age difference between partner and woman <−5 11.0 1.44 0.78–2.65 1.23 0.64–2.33 1.28 0.67–2.45 1.22 0.63–2.35 1.06 0.53–2.11
−5–0 7.9 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
0–5 8.4 1.06 0.84–1.35 1.07 0.83–1.37 1.07 0.83–1.38 1.08 0.84–1.40 1.08 0.83–1.41
5–10 9.3 1.19 0.88–1.61 1.11 0.80–1.53 1.05 0.76–1.46 1.09 0.78–1.51 1.03 0.73–1.45
10–15 11.5 1.50 0.94–2.40 1.35 0.82–2.22 1.24 0.74–2.06 1.29 0.77–2.17 1.24 0.72–2.12
≥15 13.2 1.77 0.85–3.68 1.64 0.76–3.51 1.60 0.74–3.49 1.54 0.70–3.39 1.33 0.57–3.11
Someone who supported during pregnancy Yes 8.4 Ref Ref Ref Ref 0 Ref
No 18.7 2.49 1.60–3.88 1.52 0.92–2.52 1.39 0.83–2.32 1.35 0.81–2.26 1.14 0.67–1.94
Financial status Stable 4.2 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Able to manage 10.2 2.58 2.06–3.23 2.35 1.87–2.95 2.20 1.74–2.78 2.16 1.71–2.73 2.12 1.67–2.70
Difficult to manage or unstable 21.1 6.04 4.64–7.85 4.62 3.50–6.11 3.97 2.98–5.31 3.68 2.75–4.93 3.32 2.45–4.48
Maternal employment status Full-time 6.7 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Part-time 11.9 1.84 1.20–2.82 1.24 0.79–1.95 1.15 0.72–1.84 1.14 0.71–1.83 1.05 0.64–1.72
Not working 8.9 1.34 1.03–1.74 1.10 0.84–1.45 1.09 0.82–1.45 1.13 0.85–1.51 1.09 0.81–1.46
Paternal employment status Full-time 8.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Part-time 20.8 2.83 1.40–5.70 1.31 0.60–2.85 1.51 0.69–3.33 1.60 0.73–3.51 1.68 0.76–3.70
Not working 20.0 2.68 1.33–5.40 1.77 0.84–3.74 1.70 0.77–3.72 1.64 0.73–3.67 1.82 0.78–4.25
Living with grandfather No 8.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 9.8 1.16 0.85–1.57 0.83 0.51–1.36 0.89 0.54–1.47 0.93 0.56–1.55 1.04 0.62–1.75
Living with grandmother No 8.3 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 11.1 1.37 1.06–1.78 1.42 0.94–2.16 1.34 0.87–2.05 1.25 0.81–1.93 1.18 0.75–1.86
Infertility treatment No 8.7 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 7.7 0.87 0.65–1.16 1.12 0.81–1.54 1.13 0.82–1.55 1.15 0.82–1.59
Unintended pregnancy No 7.5 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 23.5 3.80 2.98–4.83 2.49 1.90–3.26 2.36 1.80–3.10 2.17 1.64–2.88
Sex of the child Boy 8.9 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Girl 8.5 0.95 0.79–1.13 0.99 0.82–1.19 1.02 0.84–1.24 1.03 0.85–1.25
Birth order First child 8.7 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Subsequent child 8.6 0.99 0.83–1.18 0.96 0.78–1.17 0.92 0.75–1.12 1.01 0.82–1.24
Unsatisfactory delivery No 8.1 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 33.3 5.67 3.95–8.15 4.15 2.76–6.24 4.01 2.65–6.06 3.55 2.29–5.50
Low birth weight No 8.3 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 12.0 1.50 1.13–1.98 1.22 0.86–1.73 1.21 0.85–1.72 1.27 0.89–1.82
Preterm No 8.3 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 12.6 1.57 1.13–2.19 1.09 0.72–1.66 1.09 0.71–1.65 1.09 0.71–1.68
Maternal smoking history No 8.0 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 14.6 1.97 1.54–2.50 1.19 0.90–1.57 1.11 0.84–1.48 1.01 0.75–1.36
Maternal drinking history No 8.4 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 13.1 1.64 1.11–2.41 1.37 0.90–2.10 1.33 0.87–2.04 1.23 0.79–1.93
History of miscarriage No 8.6 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 9.0 1.05 0.83–1.32 1.10 0.86–1.41 1.09 0.85–1.40 1.13 0.87–1.46
Termination of pregnancy No 8.4 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes 12.9 1.62 1.19–2.20 1.13 0.81–1.59 1.06 0.75–1.50 0.98 0.68–1.41
Verbal abuse from partner No 7.0 Ref Ref Ref
Yes 23.0 3.95 3.19–4.89 2.33 1.81–2.99 1.89 1.45–2.46
Physical abuse from partner No 8.4 Ref Ref Ref
Yes 36.7 6.34 3.72–10.8 1.82 0.97–3.40 1.67 0.86–3.21
Maternal depressive symptoms during one year prior to pregnancy No 5.7 Ref Ref
Yes 26.2 5.81 4.80–7.03 3.90 3.15–4.84
Maternal history of mental disorders No 8.2 Ref Ref
Yes 41.9 8.06 5.20–12.5 3.57 2.13–5.99

Bold signifies p < 0.05.