Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to the color-changing chewing gum score a.
| Color-Changing Chewing Gum Score | p-Value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (n = 320) |
4 (n = 563) |
3 (n = 163) |
1 + 2 (n = 60) |
||||||
| Age (years) b | 72.2 | (5.2) | 73.2 | (5.1) | 75.1 | (5.6) | 76.7 | (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Women (n (%)) c | 152 | (47.5) | 282 | (50.1) | 94 | (57.7) | 30 | (50.0) | 0.208 |
| BMI (kg/m2) b | 23.4 | (2.9) | 22.8 | (3.0) | 22.8 | (2.8) | 22.2 | (3.6) | 0.011 |
| Alcohol drinker (n (%)) c | 237 | (74.1) | 386 | (68.6) | 107 | (65.6) | 34 | (56.7) | 0.029 |
| Current smoker (n (%)) c | 26 | (8.1) | 48 | (8.5) | 7 | (4.3) | 5 | (8.3) | 0.350 |
| MVPA (n (%)) c | 164 | (51.3) | 311 | (55.2) | 80 | (49.1) | 28 | (46.7) | 0.326 |
| Grip strength (kg) b | 29.1 | (8.7) | 27.7 | (7.6) | 25.5 | (8.2) | 24.0 | (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) b | 1.3 | (0.2) | 1.3 | (0.2) | 1.2 | (0.2) | 1.1 | (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Living alone (n (%)) c | 34 | (10.6) | 49 | (8.7) | 22 | (13.5) | 7 | (11.7) | 0.317 |
| HSE (n (%)) c | 124 | (38.8) | 221 | (39.3) | 49 | (30.1) | 19 | (31.7) | 0.129 |
| Education ≥13 y (n (%)) c | 91 | (28.4) | 153 | (27.2) | 30 | (18.4) | 16 | (26.7) | 0.049 |
| Denture use (n (%)) c | 159 | (49.7) | 330 | (58.6) | 118 | (72.4) | 43 | (71.7) | <0.001 |
| Daily teeth brushing (n (%)) c | 311 | (97.2) | 525 | (93.3) | 151 | (92.6) | 46 | (76.7) | <0.001 |
| No medication (n (%)) c | 74 | (23.1) | 114 | (20.3) | 21 | (12.9) | 14 | (23.3) | 0.058 |
| Hypertension (n (%)) c | 130 | (40.6) | 238 | (42.3) | 68 | (41.7) | 15 | (25.0) | 0.080 |
| Stroke (n (%)) c | 6 | (1.9) | 17 | (3.0) | 5 | (3.1) | 5 | (8.3) | 0.063 |
| Heart disease (n (%)) c | 29 | (9.1) | 65 | (11.6) | 20 | (12.3) | 5 | (8.3) | 0.557 |
| Diabetes (n (%)) c | 26 | (8.1) | 62 | (11.0) | 14 | (8.6) | 5 | (8.3) | 0.498 |
| Hyperlipidemia (n (%)) c | 39 | (12.2) | 72 | (12.8) | 20 | (12.3) | 7 | (11.7) | 0.990 |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; HSE = high socioeconomic status; MVPA = moderate to vigorous physical activity; a Bolded p-values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Participants with missing data underwent multiple imputation: alcohol status (n = 7); smoking status (n = 12); physical activity (n = 66); family structure (n = 41); socioeconomic status (n = 37); education attainment (n = 82); denture use (n = 12); brush teeth everyday (n = 4); and medications (n = 48). b Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) and were examined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). c Categorical variables are presented as counts (%) and were examined using the χ2 test.