Table 2.
Multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the prevalence of physical and comprehensive frailty according to the color-changing chewing gum score a.
| Color-Changing Chewing Gum Score | p for Trend b | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (n = 320) |
4 (n = 563) |
3 (n = 163) |
1 + 2 (n = 60) |
||||||
| Physical | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 22 | (6.9) | 60 | (10.7) | 29 | (17.8) | 19 | (31.7) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.44 | (0.85 to 2.44) | 2.01 | (1.08 to 3.73) | 3.97 | (1.90 to 8.29) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.47 | (0.85 to 2.55) | 1.95 | (1.02 to 3.72) | 3.96 | (1.79 to 8.74) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.44 | (0.83 to 2.51) | 1.94 | (1.01 to 3.74) | 3.64 | (1.62 to 8.18) | 0.001 |
| Comprehensive | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 65 | (20.3) | 154 | (27.4) | 61 | (37.4) | 29 | (48.3) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.40 | (1.00 to 1.98) | 1.86 | (1.19 to 2.89) | 2.52 | (1.37 to 4.61) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.43 | (1.00 to 2.06) | 1.70 | (1.07 to 2.70) | 2.27 | (1.19 to 4.33) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.39 | (0.97 to 2.01) | 1.65 | (1.03 to 2.64) | 2.09 | (1.09 to 4.03) | 0.009 |
Abbreviation: a All values were counts (%) or relative odds ratio (95% confidence interval). All estimates are derived from multivariable logistic regression models. Fried phenotype model-based physical frailty is defined according to the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. The Kihon Checklist-based comprehensive frailty is defined as a score of 7 or above; b Linear trend p-values are calculated with the likelihood ratio test using ordinal variable (color-changing chewing gum score) values. Bolded p-values are statistically significant (p < 0.05); c Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (woman or man), and population density (≥1000 or <1000 people/km2); d Model 2 included variables from model 1 as well as adjustment for BMI (continuous), physical activity (yes or no), smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, or current smoker), alcohol status (drinker or nondrinker), educational attainment (<9, 10–12, or ≥13 years), medications prescribed (continuous), living alone (yes or no), socioeconomic status (high or low), and history of disease (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart disease, and stroke; yes or no); e Model 3 included variables from model 2 plus adjustment for denture use (yes or no) and daily teeth brushing (yes or no).