Table 4.
Multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the prevalence of each component of the KCL according to the score of color-changing chewing gum a.
| Color-Changing Chewing Gum Score | p for Trend b | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (n = 320) |
4 (n = 563) |
3 (n = 163) |
1 + 2 (n = 60) |
||||||
| IADL disability | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 8 | (2.5) | 34 | (6.0) | 7 | (4.3) | 4 | (6.7) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 2.22 | (1.00 to 4.96) | 0.94 | (0.30 to 2.99) | 1.30 | (0.32 to 5.27) | 0.986 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 2.35 | (1.02 to 5.40) | 0.84 | (0.25 to 2.82) | 1.23 | (0.28 to 5.49) | 0.900 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 2.35 | (1.02 to 5.44) | 0.84 | (0.25 to 2.85) | 1.25 | (0.27 to 5.80) | 0.898 |
| Physical | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 42 | (13.1) | 90 | (16.0) | 32 | (19.5) | 8 | (13.3) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.19 | (0.78 to 1.81) | 1.19 | (0.69 to 2.05) | 0.66 | (0.28 to 1.57) | 0.787 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.20 | (0.77 to 1.87) | 1.15 | (0.65 to 2.03) | 0.63 | (0.25 to 1.56) | 0.711 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.20 | (0.77 to 1.87) | 1.19 | (0.67 to 2.11) | 0.61 | (0.24 to 1.55) | 0.729 |
| Nutrition | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 2 | (0.6) | 13 | (2.3) | 2 | (1.2) | 4 | (6.7) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 3.85 | (0.85 to 17.32) | 1.71 | (0.23 to 12.50) | 6.03 | (0.94 to 38.59) | 0.174 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 5.50 | (0.94 to 32.29) | 1.80 | (0.19 to 17.56) | 3.18 | (0.35 to 28.61) | 0.663 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 6.72 | (1.06 to 42.82) | 2.94 | (0.27 to 31.73) | 4.06 | (0.39 to 41.73) | 0.486 |
| Oral | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 56 | (17.5) | 116 | (20.6) | 50 | (30.5) | 26 | (43.3) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.23 | (0.85 to 1.76) | 1.80 | (1.13 to 2.86) | 2.91 | (1.59 to 5.35) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.17 | (0.81 to 1.71) | 1.69 | (1.05 to 2.72) | 2.56 | (1.36 to 4.82) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.09 | (0.74 to 1.59) | 1.47 | (0.91 to 2.398) | 2.20 | (1.15 to 4.19) | 0.011 |
| Social | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 11 | (3.4) | 28 | (5.0) | 15 | (9.2) | 5 | (8.3) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.37 | (0.67 to 2.82) | 2.19 | (0.95 to 5.06) | 1.80 | (0.58 to 5.60) | 0.094 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.37 | (0.65 to 2.88) | 2.11 | (0.88 to 5.03) | 1.69 | (0.52 to 5.51) | 0.138 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.32 | (0.62 to 2.80) | 2.02 | (0.83 to 4.89) | 1.51 | (0.45 to 5.10) | 0.202 |
| Cognitive | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 104 | (32.4) | 183 | (32.5) | 53 | (32.3) | 17 | (28.3) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.03 | (0.76 to 1.38) | 0.96 | (0.63 to 1.46) | 0.73 | (0.39 to 1.36) | 0.465 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.01 | (0.74 to 1.37) | 0.89 | (0.58 to 1.36) | 0.66 | (0.35 to 1.24) | 0.252 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 0.99 | (0.72 to 1.34) | 0.86 | (0.56 to 1.33) | 0.62 | (0.32 to 1.18) | 0.183 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| Case (n (%)) | 66 | (20.6) | 123 | (21.9) | 52 | (31.7) | 22 | (36.7) | |
| Model 1 c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.07 | (0.76 to 1.51) | 1.57 | (1.00 to 2.45) | 1.69 | (1.12 to 3.15) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 d | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.06 | (0.74 to 1.51) | 1.48 | (0.93 to 2.35) | 1.59 | (1.05 to 2.90) | 0.019 |
| Model 3 e | 1.00 | (Ref) | 1.02 | (0.71 to 1.47) | 1.45 | (0.91 to 2.32) | 1.58 | (1.04 to 2.90) | 0.024 |
Abbreviations: IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; KCL = Kihon Checklist; a All values were counts (%) or relative odds ratio (95% confidence interval). All estimates are derived from multivariable logistic regression models; b Linear trend p-values are calculated with the likelihood ratio test using ordinal variable (color-changing chewing gum score) values. Bolded p-values are statistically significant (p < 0.05); c Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (woman or man), and population density (≥1000 or <1000 people/km2); d Model 2 included variables from model 1 as well as adjustment for BMI (continuous), physical activity (yes or no), smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, or current smoker), alcohol status (drinker or nondrinker), educational attainment (<9, 10–12, or ≥13 years), medications prescribed (continuous), living alone (yes or no), socioeconomic status (high or low), and history of disease (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart disease, and stroke; yes or no); e Model 3 included variables from model 2 plus adjustment for denture use (yes or no) and daily teeth brushing (yes or no).