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. 2020 Jun 23;10(6):128. doi: 10.3390/membranes10060128

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Wearable SC-ISEs for ion detection in interstitial fluid. (A–C) Microneedle-based SC-ISEs for K⁺ analysis in skin interstitial fluid. (A) Illustration of microneedle patch including working electrode (WE) and reference electrode (RE). For the WE, the bare microneedle was coated carbon, f-MWCNTs and K⁺-ISM. For the RE, the bare microneedle was coated Ag/AgCl; and poly(vinly butyral) membrane and polyurethane. (B) K⁺ response before and after insertion into the animal skin. (C) Ex vivo K⁺ measurement in chicken skin with calibration. Reprinted with permission from [88], Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society. (D,E) A cotton fiber-based SC-ISEs for Li⁺ sensing in the human plasma. (D) A SEM image for the cotton-based SC-ISEs. (E) Li⁺-response in aqueous solution and human plasma. The inset shows the time traces for Li⁺ response. Reprinted with permission from [89], Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.