Table 2.

Summary of the cross-sectional caregiver versus non-caregiver multivariate analysis results.

Variable	Odd Ratios	95% Confidence Intervals	p-Value
Model 1 (Biological–physical health factors)
Ethnicity	1.24	1.15 to 1.32	<0.01
Gender	0.23	0.07 to 0.39	0.01
Self-rated health	0.01	−0.05 to 0.26	0.54
Self-rated chronic diseases	0.13	−0.30 to 0.03	0.11
Often troubled by pain	0.17	0.00 to 0.33	0.05
Immediate word recall	0.03	−0.02 to 0.08	0.28
Fluency score	0.01	−0.01 to 0.02	0.31
Numeracy score	0.03	−0.10 to 0.03	0.33
Self-reported loneliness	0.35	0.11 to 0.56	<0.01
Model 2 (Biopsychological factors)
Ethnicity	1.29	1.20 to 1.37	<0.01
Gender	0.27	0.10 to 0.43	<0.01
Often troubled by pain	0.08	−0.24 to 0.08	0.33
Self-reported loneliness	0.24	−0.00 to 0.49	0.05
Relationship status	0.32	0.21 to 0.44	<0.01
Cinema attendance	0.04	−0.03 to 0.11	0.24
Eats out	0.05	−0.01 to 0.11	0.09
Art gallery	0.05	−0.02 to 0.12	0.20
Theatre	0.05	−0.02 to 0.13	0.13
Holiday abroad	0.36	0.19 to 0.53	<0.01
Day trip	0.12	−0.31 to 0.06	0.20
Internet	−0.4	−0.32 to 0.04	0.14
Number in household	0.07	−0.03 to 0.17	0.17
Residential group	0.12	−0.08 to 0.32	0.25
Church	0.32	0.12 to 0.52	<0.01
Charity member	0.47	0.26 to 0.68	<0.01
Education class	0.27	0.03 to 0.51	0.03
Model 3 (Biopsychosocial factors)
Ethnicity	1.28	1.20 to 1.37	<0.01
Gender	0.25	0.09 to 0.41	<0.01
Self-reported loneliness	0.26	0.01 to 0.51	0.05
Relationship status	0.36	0.16 to 0.46	<0.01
Holiday abroad	0.51	0.35 to 0.66	<0.01
Church	0.30	0.11 to 0.49	<0.01
Charity member	0.35	0.14 to 0.55	<0.01
Education class	0.11	−0.11 to 0.33	0.33
Concentration	0.10	−0.11 to 0.31	0.33
Sleep	0.05	−0.08 to 0.18	0.46
Strain	0.23	0.09 to 0.37	<0.01
Problem-solving	0.05	−0.09 to 0.20	0.48
Enjoyment	0.07	−0.27 to 0.13	0.49
Resilience	0.06	−0.17 to 0.30	0.58
Depression	0.04	−0.11 to 0.19	0.61
Confidence	0.06	−0.20 to 0.08	0.39
Happiness	0.05	−0.13 to 0.24	0.58