Table 3.
Summary of the trajectories of psychosocial variables for caregivers and non-caregivers across five English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Waves (10 years; caregivers: 777 vs. 1463 non-caregivers).
| Variable | Group | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | p-value (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reported loneliness (yes; %) | Caregiver | 70 (9.0) | 92 (11.9) | 92 (11.9) | 103 (13.3) | 105 (13.5) | <0.01 (0.05 to 0.22) |
| Non-Caregiver | 131 (9.1) | 149 (10.4) | 146 (10.2) | 148 (10.3) | 166 (11.6) | ||
| Relationship status (married/cohabiting; %) | Caregiver | 639 (82.2) | 587 (75.6) | 562 (72.8) | 547 (70.4) | 515 (66.4) | 0.01 (−0.15 to −0.02) |
| Non-Caregiver | 1070 (74.5) | 1062 (74.0) | 1044 (72.8) | 1036 (72.2) | 1101 (70.4) | ||
| Holiday abroad (yes; %) | Caregiver | 371 (47.8) | 371 (47.8) | 346 (44.7) | 332 (42.7) | 319 (41.1) | 0.34 (−0.08 to 0.03) |
| Non-Caregiver | 803 (55.9) | 753 (52.4) | 718 (50.0) | 694 (48.4) | 640 (44.6) | ||
| Church membership (yes; %) | Caregiver | 198 (25.5) | 196 (25.2) | 191 (24.7) | 183 (23.6) | 184 (23.7) | 0.49 (−0.15 to 0.07) |
| Non-Caregiver | 319 (22.2) | 288 (20.0) | 283 (19.7) | 268 (18.7) | 266 (18.5) | ||
| Charity group membership (yes; %) | Caregiver | 178 (22.9) | 160 (20.6) | 170 (21.9) | 153 (20.0) | 156 (20.1) | 0.87 (−0.12 to 0.10) |
| Non-Caregiver | 272 (18.9) | 244 (17.0) | 242 (16.9) | 242 (16.9) | 273 (19.0) | ||
| Total CASP score (mean; SD) | Caregiver | No Data | 42.4 (8.8) | 41.2 (8.4) | 40.9 (8.7) | 41.1 (8.6) | 0.91 (−0.03 to 0.03) |
| Non-Caregiver | No Data | 43.5 (8.2) | 42.2 (8.3) | 41.9 (8.4) | 41.4 (8.9) | ||
| Control CASP (mean; SD) | Caregiver | No Data | 8.2 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.6 (2.4) | <0.01 (0.03 to 0.12) |
| Non-Caregiver | No Data | 8.5 (2.5) | 8.0 (2.4) | 7.8 (2.4) | 7.7 (2.5) | ||
| Autonomy CASP (mean; SD) | Caregiver | No Data | 10.7 (2.8) | 10.1 (2.7) | 10.1 (2.8) | 10.2 (2.6) | <0.01 (0.02 to 0.10) |
| Non-Caregiver | No Data | 10.9 (2.6) | 10.6 (2.6) | 10.6 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.7) | ||
| Pleasure CASP (mean; SD) | Caregiver | No Data | 13.3 (2.3) | 13.3 (2.1) | 13.3 (2.2) | 13.3 (2.2) | 0.01 (−0.12 to −0.02) |
| Non-Caregiver | No Data | 13.5 (2.2) | 13.3 (2.1) | 13.2 (2.2) | 13.2 (2.3) | ||
| Self-realization CASP (mean; SD) | Caregiver | No Data | 10.0 (3.3) | 10.0 (2.9) | 9.9 (3.1) | 9.8 (3.2) | Omitted to collinearity |
| Non-Caregiver | No Data | 10.4 (3.1) | 10.2 (3.0) | 10.1 (3.1) | 9.9 (3.2) |