Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by the development of disability in activities of daily living.
| Characteristics | Total (n =12,331) | No. (%) ADL independence (n = 8635) | No. (%) ADL disability (n = 3696) | P |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 89.52 (7.0) | 89.00 (6.9) | 90.73 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Women | 6946 (56.3) | 4598 (53.2) | 2348 (63.5) | < 0.001 |
| Residence | < 0.001 | |||
| Urban | 4923 (39.9) | 3287 (38.1) | 1636 (44.3) | |
| Rural | 7408 (60.1) | 5348 (61.9) | 2060 (55.7) | |
| Co-residence status | < 0.001 | |||
| Living alone | 2039 (16.5) | 1535 (17.8) | 504 (13.6) | |
| Living with others | 10,292 (83.5) | 7100 (82.2) | 3192 (86.4) | |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | |||
| Married | 2858 (23.2) | 2124 (24.6) | 734 (19.9) | |
| Not married | 9473 (76.8) | 6511 (75.4) | 2962 (80.1) | |
| Educational level, years | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 8102 (65.7) | 5562 (64.4) | 2540 (68.7) | |
| ≥ 1 | 4229 (34.3) | 3073 (35.6) | 1156 (31.3) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.015 | |||
| < 18.5 | 5491 (44.5) | 3892 (45.1) | 1599 (43.3) | |
| 18.5-23.9 | 5292 (42.9) | 3705 (42.9) | 1587 (42.9) | |
| ≥ 24.0 | 1548 (12.6) | 1038 (12.0) | 510 (13.8) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Current smoker | 2293 (18.6) | 1692 (19.6) | 601 (16.3) | |
| Former smoker | 1685 (13.7) | 1215 (14.1) | 470 (12.7) | |
| Nonsmoker | 8353 (67.7) | 5728 (66.3) | 2625 (71.0) | |
| Alcohol status | < 0.001 | |||
| Current drinker | 2775 (22.5) | 2029 (23.5) | 746 (20.2) | |
| Former drinker | 1166 (9.5) | 838 (9.7) | 328 (8.9) | |
| Nondrinker | 8390 (68.0) | 5768 (66.8) | 2622 (70.9) | |
| Frequent fresh vegetable consumption | 4140 (33.6) | 2919 (33.8) | 1221 (33.0) | 0.420 |
| Frequent fresh fruit consumption | 10,893 (88.3) | 7726 (89.5) | 3167 (85.7) | < 0.001 |
| Physical exercise | 6613 (53. 7) | 4724 (54.7) | 1889 (51.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 5087 (41.2) | 3605 (41.7) | 1482 (40.1) | 0.092 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 119 (1.0) | 77 (0.9) | 42 (1.1) | 0.241 |
| Respiratory disease | 1252 (10.1) | 890 (10.3) | 362 (9.8) | 0.406 |
| Stroke | 294 (2.4) | 185 (2.1) | 109 (2.9) | 0.009 |
| Heart disease | 759 (6.2) | 496 (5.7) | 263 (7.1) | 0.004 |
| Depression symptoms | 510 (4.5) | 291 (3.4) | 219 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive impairment | 1677 (13.7) | 1097 (12.7) | 580 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
ADL: activities of daily living; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index. Data are presented as n (percent) unless otherwise indicated.