Table 4. Associations between leisure activities and disability in activities of daily living in groups stratified by age.
| Leisure activity | < 90 years (n = 6552) | ≥ 90 years (n = 5779) | P for interaction | ||||
| n/N | HR (95% CI) a | P | n/N | HR (95% CI) | P | ||
| Watching TV or listening to the radio | 0.586 | ||||||
| Never | 533/1884 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 994/2656 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 455/1804 | 0.81 (0.71-0.92) | 0.001 | 483/1491 | 0.78 (0.70-0.87) | < 0.001 | |
| Almost every day | 686/2864 | 0.74 (0.65-0.84) | < 0.001 | 545/1087 | 0.75 (0.66-0.84) | < 0.001 | |
| Reading books or newspapers | 0.371 | ||||||
| Never | 1321/5108 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1799/5094 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 141/611 | 0.83 (0.68-1.00) | 0.054 | 103/322 | 0.97 (0.78-1.21) | 0.798 | |
| Almost every day | 212/833 | 0.86 (0.72-1.04) | 0.124 | 120/363 | 0.88 (0.71-1.10) | 0.253 | |
| Keeping domestic animals or pets | 0.938 | ||||||
| Never | 1267/4594 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1834/5244 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 175/769 | 0.76 (0.65-0.89) | < 0.001 | 88/268 | 0.74 (0.63-0.87) | < 0.001 | |
| Almost every day | 232/1189 | 0.66 (0.57-0.76) | < 0.001 | 100/267 | 0.68 (0.58-0.80) | < 0.001 | |
| Playing cards or mahjong | 0.759 | ||||||
| Never | 1382/5280 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1828/5176 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 184/815 | 0.86 (0.73-1.01) | 0.058 | 134/413 | 0.87 (0.72-1.04) | 0.122 | |
| Almost every day | 108/457 | 0.92 (0.75-1.13) | 0.425 | 60/190 | 0.81 (0.62-1.06) | 0.121 | |
| Gardening | 0.748 | ||||||
| Never | 1398/5478 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1673/4532 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 124/457 | 1.08 (0.89-1.31) | 0.439 | 180/623 | 0.96 (0.77-1.19) | 0.688 | |
| Almost every day | 152/617 | 0.88 (0.73-1.05) | 0.154 | 169/624 | 0.79 (0.63-0.98) | 0.029 | |
| Attending religious activities | 0.013 | ||||||
| Never | 1439/5494 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1770/5055 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| Sometimes | 179/836 | 0.79 (0.67-0.92) | 0.003 | 182/532 | 1.10 (0.94-1.29) | 0.239 | |
| Almost every day | 56/222 | 0.90 (0.69-1.18) | 0.455 | 70/192 | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | 0.862 | |
| Number of leisure activities | 0.141 | ||||||
| 0 | 334/1022 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 744/1831 | 1.00 (reference) | - | |
| 1 | 487/1907 | 0.67 (0.58-0.77) | < 0.001 | 653/1952 | 0.75 (0.68-0.84) | < 0.001 | |
| 2 | 490/1991 | 0.60 (0.52-0.69) | < 0.001 | 387/1242 | 0.63 (0.56-0.72) | < 0.001 | |
| 3 | 250/1099 | 0.45 (0.38-0.54) | < 0.001 | 165/510 | 0.57 (0.47-0.68) | < 0.001 | |
| 4+ | 113/533 | 0.43 (0.34-0.53) | < 0.001 | 73/222 | 0.49 (0.38-0.64) | < 0.001 | |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval;
aAdjusted for gender, residence, co-residence status, marital status, educational level, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol status, frequent fresh vegetable consumption, frequent fresh fruit consumption, physical exercise, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, stroke, heart disease, depression symptoms, cognitive impairment, and participation in other leisure activities.