Table 1.
Basic information on countries included in the study.
| United Kingdom | Sweden | Germany | Italy | Netherlands | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Welfare model type | Anglo-Saxon/Liberal | Nordic/Social Democratic | Continental/ Conservative |
Mediterranean | Continental/ Conservative |
| Healthcare system model | Beveridge | Beveridge | Bismarck | Beveridge/Mixed | Bismark/Mixed |
| Subregion | Northern/ Nordic |
Northern/ Nordic |
Continental Europe | Southern Europe | Continental Europe |
| Characteristics | National Health Service System funded through general taxation |
National health care system funded through general tax revenues; regulation, supervision, and some funding through national government; responsibility for most financing/purchasing/provision devolved to county councils | Statutory health insurance system; system funded through employer/ employee earmarked payroll tax and general taxation |
National health care system funded by national earmarked corporate and value-added taxes as well as general/regional taxation; funding and minimum benefit package defined by national government; planning and provision by regions | Statutory health insurance system, with universally mandated private insurance; funded through earmarked payroll tax; community-rated insurance premiums; general tax revenue |
| Extensive network (mainly private) of primary care providers | Mixed primary care system (40% private, 60% public) | Private primary care system | Private primary care system | Private primary care system | |
| No cap on cost sharing Drug cost-sharing exemptions |
Caps on cost sharing (Annual maximum for outpatient visits is SEK 1,150 (USD 125); for drugs, SEK 2,250 (USD 246) for adults); Some cost sharing exemptions | Cap on cost sharing (2% of household income, 1% of income for chronically ill); children and adolescents <18 years of age exempt | No cap on cost sharing; exemptions for low-income older people/children, pregnant women, chronic conditions/disabilities, rare diseases | No cap on cost sharing; annual deductible of 385 Euros covers most cost sharing; general practitioner care and children exempt from cost-sharing; | |
| Key Indicators (2016) | |||||
| Healthy Life Years at age 65 (men, women) | 10.4 | 15.1 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 10.3 |
| 11.1 | 16.6 | 12.4 | 10.1 | 9.9 | |
| Population aged 65 and more (%) | 17.9 | 19.8 | 21.1 | 22 | 18.2 |
| Self-reported chronic morbidity(%) a | 36 | 37.6 | 42.3 | 15.2 | 33 |
| Rehabilitation expenditure per capita (PPS) | n/a | n/a | 117.8 | n/a | 168.3 |
| Rehabilitation beds/1000 population | n/a | n/a | 2.01 | 0.41 | 0.11 |
| Practicing physiotherapists/100,000 population | 44.49 (2014) | 129.2 (2012) | 207.8 (2013) | 93.88 (2013) | 192.4 (2013) |
a Proportion of people reporting any long-standing chronic illness or longstanding health problem. Source: The Commonwealth Fund (International Profiles of Health Care Systems 2018), European Commission (European Core Health Indicators—ECHI), OECD, and WHO European Health Information Gateway.