Table 1.

In vitro studies on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and hyperglycemic conditions (↑ = increase of; ↓ = decrease of).

Antioxidant(s) Studied.	Culture Cell Line Type	Main Outcomes	Reference
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), zinc and linoleic acid	Choroid-retina endothelial cells (monkey)	Modulation of endothelial proliferation. ALA ↓ reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) secretion, and ↑ superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.	Shen et al. 2012 [43]
AMG-487	Human endothelial cells	↓ oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress	Wang et al. 2019 [48]
Ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and α-lipoic acid	Bovine endothelial cells of the retina	↓ superoxide anion production	Wu et al. 2012 [44]
Astragaloside-IV	Murine endothelial cells of the retina	↓ mitochondrial ROS. ↓ superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and	Qiau et al. 2017 [30]
β-carotene, lutein and lycopene	Human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)	↓ cell loss	Gong et al. 2017 [23]
BM-MSC (Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells)	Murine ganglion cells of the retina	↑ defensive effect after alterations caused by H2O2, ↓ cytokines, and ↑ neurotrophin secretion	Cui et al. 2017 [25]
Calcium dobesilate	Human cultured veins	↑ total antioxidant status (TAS) and ↓ malondialdehyde	Alda et al. 2011 [42]
dh404 (Nrf2 activator)	Murine Müller cells	↑ NADH/NADPH, Nrf2, quinine oxidoreductase-1 and hemeoxygenase-1	Deliyanti et al. 2018 [32]
EPA and DHA	Human RPE	↓ ROS	Dutot et al. 2011 [40]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Human endothelial cells of the retina	↓ cytokines and apoptosis and	Zhang et al. 2016 [31]
Fidarestat (aldose reductase inhibitor)	Bovine endothelial cells of the retina	↑ antioxidant defenses	Obrosova et al. 2003 [36]
Fish oil emulsion (FOE)	U937 cell line (monocytes/macrophages)	↑ antioxidant proprieties with ↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↓ cellular damage	Laubertová et al. 2017 [22]
Galangin	Human endothelial and RPE cells of the retina	↑ activation of Nrf2, reverse ↓ expression of claudin-1 and occludin, and ↓ ROS formation	Zhang et al. 2019 [50]
He-Ying-Qing-Re Formula (HF)	Murine retinal ganglion cell culture	↓ endoplasmic reticulum stress; ↓ H2O2-induced apoptosis; ↓ mitochondria-related proapoptotic factors	Zhang et al. 2018 [27]
KIOM-79	Murine pericyte cell culture	↓ apoptosis by ↓ ROS production	Kim et al. 2010 [28]
Lignans extract (Eucommia ulmoides)	Choroid-retina endothelial cells (monkey)	↓ oxidant effects by regulating via Nrf2 pathway	Liu et al. 2016 [29]
MnTBAP	Bovine endothelial cells of the retina	↓ mitochondrial DNA insult	Madsen-Bouterse et al. 2010 [38]
N-acetylcysteine (+ SS31, mitochondrial antioxidant)	Human RPE	↓ mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and mitophagic flux to lysosomes induced by Auranofin.	Yumnamcha et al. 2019 [47]
Naringin	Murine Müller cells	↓ inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects	Liu et al. 2017 [26]
PEDF	Bovine pericytes of the retina	↑ glutathione peroxidase; apoptosis; Inhibition of caspase-3	Amano et al. 2005 [37]
Selenium	Human RPE	↓ glutathione peroxidase	González De Vega et al. 2018 [24]
SNJ-1945	Murine retinal ganglion cell culture	↓ apoptosis induced by high glucose environment	Shanab et al. 2012 [45]
SS31	Human endothelial cells of the retina	↓ ROS and caspase-3	Li et al. 2011 [41]
Sulphoraphane	Rat Müller cell line	↓ TNF-α and IL-6 levels; ↑ GSH, SOD, and catalase activities.	Li et al. 2019 [49]
Supplement combined (Vitamin C, Trolox, α-tocopherol acetate, N-acetyl cysteine, β-carotene, selenium)	Bovine endothelial cell and pericyte culture	↓ caspase-3	Kowluru et al. 2002 [34]
Supplement (ascorbic acid, Trolox, α-tocopherol acetate, N-acetyl cysteine, β-carotene, selenium)	Bovine endothelial cell and pericyte culture	↓ NF-kB and nitric oxides and nitrotyrosine formation	Kowluru et al. 2003 [35]
Taurine	Rat Müller cell line	↓ TBARS, ROS; ↑ GSH-px, catalase and SOD activities in relation to dose	Zeng et al. 2010 [39]
Trolox	Cultured rat retina	↓ TBARS	Ansari et al. 1998 [33]
Vitamin D	Human RPE	↓ ROS and caspase-3/7 activities	Tohari et al. 2020 [46]