Table 2.
Results of antioxidant supplementation in animal models.
| Antioxidant Studied | Outcomes in Treated Animals | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Apocynin ameliorates (medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa) | Regulate the inflammation through inhibition od TLR4/NF-kB pathway. | Wang et al. [51] 2019 |
| AREDS-based micronutrients | Avoidance of oxidative and nitrative stress. Prevention of formation of ghost capillaries. | Kowluru et al. [52] 2008 |
| α-lipoic acid or taurine | Improves levels of VEFG and reduces ROS biomarkers. | Obrosova et al. [36] 2001 |
| α-lipoic acid or D-α-tocopherol | Frustrates the increase in leukostasis. | Abiko et al. [53] 2003 |
| α-lipoic acid | Control of retinal lipid peroxidation. Stunting of capillary apoptosis and acellular capillaries. | Kowluru et al. [54] 2004 |
| α-lipoic acid | Control of nuclear transcriptional factor and angiopoietin-2. Reduction of VEGF and ROS species. Avoid pericyte ghost. | Lin et al. [55] 2006 |
| α-lipoic acid | Reestablishment of ERG b-wave amplitude. Avoidance of GSH depletion. Normalization of MDA. | Johnsen-Soriano et al. [56] 2008 |
| α-lipoic acid | Inhibits cells death. Activation od AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK). Inhibition of O- linked–β-N acetylglucosamine transferase (GOT). | Kim et al. [57] 2018 |
| Aster tataricus | Preservation of vascular permeability. Attenuation of TNFa, IL10 and NF-kB. | Du et al. [58] 2017 |
| Blueberry anthocyanins | Downregulation NRF2 pathway. Reestablishment of VEGF and IL-1β levels. | Song et al. [59] 2016 |
| Caffeic acid hexyl (CAF6) and dodecyl (CAF12) amide derivatives | Increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and iso prostaglandin F2 alpha. Decrease retinal oedema and improve neuronal survival signal. | Fathalipour et al. [60] 2019 |
| Calcium dobesilate | Improvement of vascular tortuosity. Stunting of capillary apoptosis and acellular capillaries. | Padilla et al. [61] 2005 |
| Calcium dobesilate | Avoids blood-retinal barrier breakdown and leukocyte adhesion to vessel wall. | Leal et al. [62] 2010 |
| Calcium dobesilate | Inhibition NF-kB pathway. Reduction of TNF- α IL-6, and MPC-1. | Bogdanov et al. [63] 2017 |
| Calcium dobesilate | Increase of GFAP, attenuation of cytokine expression and increase in oxidised nitrotyrosine and carbonyls. | Voabil et al. [64] 2018 |
| Cannabidiol (CBD) | Diminution of TNF-α, VEGF, ICAM. Maintenance of vascular permeability. | El-Remessy et al. [65] 2006 |
| Carnosine | Vasoprotective effect. Induction of protective Het shock proteins in activated glial cells and normalization of hyperglycemia-induced Ang-2. | Pfister et al. [66] 2011 |
| Crocin (saffron) | Microglial activation. Neuroprotective. | Yang et al. [67] 2017 |
| Curcumin | Improvement of oxidative stress biomarkers. | Kowluru et al. [68] 2007 |
| Curcumine | Restoration of expression and function of DNAmethyltransfere (DNMT). | Maugeri et al. [69] 2018 |
| DHA or lutein | Restoration of ERG b-wave amplitude. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and apoptosis markers. Improvement of retinal thickness. | Arnal et al. [70] 2009 |
| Ebselen or lutein | Reduction of ROS species. | Miranda et al. [71] 2004 |
| Eriodictyol | Mitigation of retinal inflammation and plasma lipid peroxidation, Preservation of blood-retinal barrier. | Bucolo et al. [72] 2012 |
| Fidarestat | Inhibition aldose reductase pathway. | Obrosova et al. [36] 2003 |
| Green tea/Vitamin C-E | Diminution of ghost pericytes and acellular capillaries. Lower superoxide capacity. | Mustata et al. [73] 2005 |
| Green Tea | Lowering expression of proinflammatory mollecules (VEGF and TNF-α). | Kumar et al. [74] 2012 |
| Hesperetin | Reduction of levels of cytokines. Inhibitory effect on caspase-3, GFAP and AQP4 expression. | Kumar et al. [75] 2013 |
| Hydroxytyrosol [olive oil] | Neuroprotective effect. Slowing down on ganglion retina cell counts. Decrease of retinal thickness and cellular size. | Gonzalez-Correa et al. [76] 2018 |
| l carnitine | Improvement of glucose levels. Inhibitory effect on protein degradation. | Samir et al. [77] 2018 |
| Lichi chinensis | Downregulation of proteins carbonyl subproducts and aldose reductase. | Kilari et al. [78] 2016 |
| Lutein | Avoidance of ganglion cell loss. Reduction of apoptosis markers like caspase-3. | Sasaki et al. [79] 2010 |
| Melatonin | Reduction od retinal nitrotyrosine and malondialdehyde levels, The vasomodulator cytokines are decreased. | Ozdemir et al. [80] 2014 |
| Melatonin | Depletion in concentrations of VEGF MMP9, and oxidation protein products (AOPP). | Djordjevic et al. [81] 2018 |
| Melatonin | Decreased fluorescein retinal leakage, ROS and malondialdehyde levels. | Mehrzadi et al. [82] 2018 |
| Morus Alba | Reduces glucose levels and VEGF levels. Inhibition polyol pathway. | Mahmoud et al. [83] 2017 |
| N-acetylcysteine | Restoration VEGF and ICAM-1. Diminution of free radicals. | Zhu et al. [84] 2012 |
| Naringenin | Controls glucose levels, increases insulin. and retinal glutathione. | Al-Dosari et al. [85] 2017 |
| Nicanartine | Prevention of endothelial proliferation and pericyte loss. | Hammes et al. [86] 1997 |
| Obtisofplin | Improvement of capillary cell apoptosis and the number of acellular capillaries in the retina. | Hou et al. [87] 2014 |
| PEDF | Restoration of amplitudes of a- and b-wave of ERG; reduced retinal VEGF; reduction of retinal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress. inhibition of retinal vascular hyperpermeability. | Yoshida et al. [88] 2009 |
| Resveratrol | Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. | Yar et al. [89] 2012 |
| Resveratrol | Strengthening of oxidative markers (lipid peroxidation index and oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio) and superoxide dismutase activity in blood and retina. | Soufi et al. [90] 2012 |
| Resveratrol | Recovers insulin level. Improve paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gen activity, reducing vascular permeability and of VEGF, TNF- α, MPC-1, IL-6 IL-1β, INFγ levels. | Chen et al. [91] 2018 |
| Trans resveratrol | Reduces vascular lesion, NF-kB and TNF- α. Stimulates the expression of Ndf2 and SIrT1 genes. | Al Hussaini et al. [92] 2018 |
| Resveratrol coated gold nanoparticles | Decrease expression of VEGF, TNF- α, MPC-1, ICAM 1, IL-6 and IL-1β. Restore balance between inhibitors and stimulators of angiogenesis. | Dong et al. [93] 2019 |
| Rutin | Decrease of glutatione, brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF), nerve growth factor and caspase. | Ola et al. [94] 2015 |
| Sesamin | Improves blood glucose levels and body weight. Reduces ROS levels and inflammatory biomarkers. | Ahmad et al. [95] 2016 |
| Shikimic Acid (SA) (Artemisia absinthium) | Reduces glucose and glycated hemoglobine levels. Decreases IL-1β and TNF- α. | Al Malki et al. [96] 2019 |
| Taurine/vitamin E+selenium | Diminished conjugated dienes in retina at the early stage of diabetic retinopathy. Reduced lipid hydroperoxides. | Di Leo et al. [97] 2003 |
| Taxifolin | Reduction of total glutathione level. Decrease MDA, IL-1β and TNF- α blood levels. | Ahiskali et al. [98] 2019 |
| Tempol | Improvements in retinal microvascular hemodynamics and blood flow rates. | Yadav et al. [99] 2011 |
| Tempol | Lowers oxidative stress, fibronectin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. | Rosales et al. 2011 [100] |
| Trigonella foenum | Decreases of inflammatory and angiogenic markers (TNF-α, VEGF, IL1-β). | Gupta et al. [101] 2014 |
| Trolox | Avoids pericyte loss. | Ansari et al. 1998 [33] |
| Vitamins C and E | Less acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts. | Kowluru et al. 2001 [102] |
| Vitamins C and E | Prevent formation of acellular capillaries. Reduce pericyte ghost cells. | Yatoh et al. [103] 2006 |
| Vitamin C | Suppression of leukocyte adhesion. Increase iris blow flow perfusion. | Jariyapongskul et al. [104] 2007 |
| Vitamin | Prevention of blood retinal barrier breakdown. Diminution of VEGF, ICAM1, TNF- α, SOD, IL-1, IL-6 and aldose reductase. | Kunisaki et al. [105] 1998 |
| Zeaxanthin | Reduction of Oxidative damage. | Kowluru et al. [106] 2008 |