Table 2.
Chromatographic and mass spectrometer conditions used in polyphenol analysis.
| Analyte | Matrix | Chromatographic Conditions | Mass Spectrometer Conditions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quinic acid; danshensu; caftaric acid; caffeic acid hexoside; salvianolic acid; fertaric acid; caffeic acid; ferulic acid; salviaflaside; rosmarinic acid; salvianolic acid c; methylrosmarinate; methylquercetin | Wheat pasta chia flour | Column: Luna C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | Capillary voltage: 4500 V | [48] |
| Column temperature: 35 °C | Nebulizer gas: 4.0 bar | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.5% formic acid in water and 0.5% formic acid in methanol (v/v) | Drying gas: 8.0 L/min and 180 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.4 mL/min | Nebulizer gas: nitrogen | |||
| Injection volume: 40 µL | Collision gas: argon | |||
| Gallic acid juglanin; quercetin-3-O-sophoroside; ellagic acid; quercitrin; sophoraflavonoloside; hyperoside; astragalin; isoquercitrin; avicularin | Meiguihua oral solution | Column: Hypersil Gold C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) | Capillary voltage: −4500 V | [33] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Declustering potential: −10 V | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile | Nebulizer gas: 60 Curtain gas: 35 | |||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min | Auxiliary gas: 50 | |||
| Injection volume: 2 µL | Turbo gas temperature: 450 °C | |||
| P-hydroxybenzoic acid; caffeic acid; chlorogenic acid; ellagic acid; ferulic acid; gallic acid; gentisic acid; p-coumaric acid; luteolin; protocatechuic acid; catechin; epicatechin; epigallocatechin; kaempferol; astragalin; nicotiflorin; cynaroside; naringenin; procyanidin dimer b1 y b2; procyanidin trimer c1; quercetin; hyperoside; isorhamnetin; rutin; vanillin | Mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) fruit | Column: Shimpack XR-ODS III column (150 × 2 mm, 2.2 μm) | Capillary voltage: 3.5 kV | [50] |
| Column temperature: 40 °C | Heat block temperature: 300 °C | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol | Desolvation line temperature: 250 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.4 mL/min | Nebulizer and drying gas: nitrogen | |||
| Injection volume: 10 µL | Drying flow: 20 L/min | |||
| Nebulizing flow: 3 L/min | ||||
| Collision induced dissociation gas: argon at 224 kPa | ||||
| Protocatechuic acid; 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid; Quinic acid methyl ester; 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid; Caffeic acid; 4-O-Feruloylquinic acid; Quercetin-O-glucoside; Rutin; 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid; 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid; 4′,7′-Dimethoxy luteolin | Artemisia campestris | Column: Lichrocart RP-18 column (250 × 4 mm, 5 μm) | Collision gas: argon at 10−4 mbar | [51] |
| Column temperature: 35 °C | Nebulizer and drying gas: nitrogen | |||
| Mobile phase: Formic acid aqueous solution (0.5% v/v) and acetonitrile | ||||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min | ||||
| Injection volume: 10 µL | ||||
| Caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, 3,4-dihydroxibenzoic, trans-ferulic and gallic acids, kaempferol, myricetin, naringin; quercetin; rutin | Residual brewing yeast | Column: C18 Fusion-RP (150 × 3 mm, 4 µm) | Nebulizer and drying gas: nitrogen | [1] |
| Column temperature: room temperature | Flow nebulizer gas: 1.5 L·min−1 | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol | Flow drying gas: 15.0 L·min−1 | |||
| Flow rate: 0.50 mL/min | Collision gas: argon at 230 kPa | |||
| Injection volume: 20 µL | Ionization voltage: −4.5 kV | |||
| Verbascoside; Isoverbascoside; Forsythoside A; Leucosceptoside A; Plantainoside C; Purpureaside D; Martynoside | Aloysia polystachya | Column: Ascentis Express C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm) | Capillary voltage: −4000 V | [35] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Drying gas: nitrogen | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile | Drying gas temperature: 350 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min | Flow drying gas: 9 L/min | |||
| Injection volume: 10 µL | Nebulizing gas: 25 psi | |||
| Dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer A and B; iIsoquercitrin; quercetin; luteolin; 3-O-methylquercetin | Achyrocline satureioides | Column: Luna C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) | Capillary voltage: 4000 V | [10] |
| Column temperature: 40 °C | Nebulizer: 40 psi | |||
| Mobile phase: 10 mM formic acid in ultra-pure water and methanol | Dry gas flow: 9.0 L/min at temperature 365 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min | Drying and nebulizing gas: nitrogen | |||
| Injection volume: 5 µL | ||||
| Cyanidin-3-glucoside; pelargonidin-3-glucoside; pelargonidin-3 rutinoside; pelargonidin-acetylglucoside; pelargonidin-succinyl-arabinoside; pelargonidin-malonylrhamnoside; quercetin-rhamnoside | Fragaria ananassa var. Camarosa fruits | Column: Kromasil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | - | [32] |
| Column temperature: 40 °C | ||||
| Mobile phase: water/acetonitrile/formic acid (87/3/10 v/v/v) and water/acetonitrile/formic acid (40/50/10 v/v/v) | ||||
| Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min | ||||
| Caffeic acid; chlorogenic acid; p-Coumaric acid; ferulic acid; rutin; quercetin; luteolin; naringenin; genistein | Olea europaea L. | Column: Kinetex biphenyl (10 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) | Nebulizer gas: nitrogen | [36] |
| Column temperature: 35 °C | Capillary voltage: 4000 V | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol | Inlet pressure: 30 psi and temperature 270 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min | ||||
| Injection volume: 5 µL | ||||
| Protocatechuic acid; caffeic acid; vitexin; ferulic acid; taxifolin; trans-cinnamic acid; genistein | Sweet lupin seed | Column: Kinetex XB-C 18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | Nebulizing gas: nitrogen at 45 psi, 300 °C, and 5 L/min | [49] |
| Column temperature: 25 °C | Capillary voltage: 3.5 kV | |||
| Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min | Nozzle voltage: −500 V | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile | Sheath gas: nitrogen at 11 L/min and 250 °C | |||
| Injection volume: 20 µL | ||||
| Hesperetin; quercetin; naringenin; benzoic acid; naringin; narirutin; hesperidin; caffeic acid; neohesperidin; pinocembrin; taxifolin; fisetin; glabridin; eriocitrin; eriodictyol; formononetin; liquiritin; liquiritigenin; 3-hydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetichippuric acid; α-hydroxyhippuric acid; 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; p-coumaric acid; ferulic acid; and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid | Plant materials | Column: Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) | Capillary voltage: −4500 V | [31] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Temperature: 500 °C | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% v/v formic acid in water and acetonitrile | Nebulizer gas: 60 psi | |||
| Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min | Turbo-gas: 50 psi | |||
| Injection volume: 5 µL | Collision activated dissociation gas: 4 psi | |||
| Curtain gas: 20 psi | ||||
| Eriocitrin; taxifolin; naringin; hesperidin; neohesperidin; fisetin; eriodictyol; naringenin; hesperetin; kaempferol; chrysin; glabridin | Commercial herbal dietary supplements | Fusion-RP XDB-C18 (50 × 2.0 mm, 4 μm) | - | [38] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | ||||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile | ||||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min | ||||
| Injection volume: 2 µL | ||||
| Phloroglucinol; gallic acid; cyanidin 3-glucoside; chlorogenic acid, rutin; quercetin | Brown seaweed | Column: Atlantis C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) | Capillary voltage: 4000 V | [2] |
| Column temperature: 25 ℃ | Gas nebulizer: nitrogen | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.25% aqueous acetic acid and acetonitrile/water (80/20 v/v) | Pressure gas: 50 psi | |||
| Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min | Flow rate: 10 L/min | |||
| Injection volume: 10 µL | Drying temperature: 350 °C | |||
| Gallic acid; catechin; caffeic acid; rutin; ferulic acid; quercitrin; resveratrol | Connarus perrottetti var. angustifolius, Cecropia obtusa, Cecropia palmata, and Mansoa alliacea | Column: C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | Capillary voltage: ±2.4 kV | [28] |
| Column temperature: 21 °C | Gas flow: 11 L/min | |||
| Mobile phase: orthophosphoric acid solution (0.1%, w/w) and acetonitrile | Nebulizer: 30 psi | |||
| Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min | Gas temperature: 250 °C | |||
| Drying gas: nitrogen | ||||
| Cis- and trans- resveratrol-3-O-galloylglucoside; methyl-(S)-flavogallonate; quercetin-7-O-di-glucoside; quercetin-7-O-galloyl-glucoside; naringenin-40-methoxy-7-pyranoside; 5,6-dihydroxy-30,40,7-tri-methoxy flavone; terminalin; corilagin derivative; oleanane type triterpenoids | Terminalia brownii (Fresen) | Column: Varian LC–18 (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) | Spray voltage: 5000 V | [76] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Capillary temperature: 280 °C | |||
| Mobile phase: acetonitrile and water containing 0.005% formic acid, acetonitrile, and glacial acetic acid | Sheathing gas: nitrogen at 40 U | |||
| Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min | Collision gas: helium at 0.8 mTorr | |||
| Injection volume: 5 µL | ||||
| Gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; catechin; epicatechin; epigallocatechin gallate; gallocatechin gallate; epicatechin gallate; catechin gallate; theaflavin; theaflavin-3-gallate | Tea | Column: Capcellpak C18 MGIII (100 × 2.0 mm, 3 µm) | Nebulizer gas flow: 60 mL/min. | [54] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Cone temperature: 200 °C | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% aqueous formic acid and methanol | Cone gas flow: 20 mL/min | |||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/ min | Heated probe temperature: 300 °C. | |||
| Injection volume: 2 µL | ||||
| Oleuropein; acteoside; rutin | Syringa vulgaris L. flowers and fruits | Column: Zorbax SB-C18 (150 × 3.0 mm, 3.5 μm) | Capillary voltage: 3500 V | [37] |
| Column temperature: 25 °C | Nebulizing and drying gas: nitrogen | |||
| 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and methanol | Nebulizing gas pressure: 45 psi | |||
| Flow rate: 0.7 mL/min | Drying gas flow and temperature: 10 L/min and 300 °C | |||
| Fragmentor voltage: 170 V | ||||
| Nozzle voltage: 500 V | ||||
| Sheath gas flow and temperature: 10 L/min and 300 °C | ||||
| Gallic acid; protocatechuic acid; p-Hydroxybenzoic acid; vanillic acid; caffeic acid; syringic acid; p-coumaric acid; ferulic acid; rutin; quercetin-3-O-glucoside; quercetin; cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside; eonidin-3-O-glucoside | Black rice wine | Column: SHIM-PACK XR-ODS (75 × 3.0 mm, 2.2 μm) | Ion spray voltage: 4400 and –4400 V | [29] |
| Column temperature: 30 °C | Curtain gas (CUR): nitrogen | |||
| Mobile phase: 50% aqueous acetonitrile (v/v) with 0.2% formic acid and water with 0.2% formic acid | Nebulizer gas: air at 50 psi | |||
| Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min | Heater gas: air at 50 psi | |||
| Injection volume: 20 µL | ||||
| Apigenin; Baicalein; chrysin; p-coumaric acid; dihydroxytetramethoxy-flavone; dihydroxytrimethoxy-flavanone; eriodictyol; luteolin; naringenin; norwogonin; oroxylin a; pentahydroxyflavanone; pinocembrin; quercetin; scutellarein; sinapic acid; verbascoside; wogonin | Column: Zorbax Stable Bond Analytical SB-C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | Nebulizing and drying gas: nitrogen at 45 psi | [3] | |
| Column temperature: 35 °C | Electron spray voltage: 5.2 kV | |||
| Mobile phase: 0.1% aqueous formic acid and methanol | Source temperature at 500 °C | |||
| Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min | ||||
| Injection volume: 10 µL |