Table 2.

Summary of antimicrobial activity of Vitis vinifera extracts against microorganisms involved in dental caries and periodontal disease.

By-Product Type	Microbial Strains	Concentration Tested	Reference
Pomace	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei	3.9–2000 μg/mL	[82]
	Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis	2000–8000 μg/mL	[87]
	Streptococcus mutans	62.5–500 µg/mL	[88]
Black grape skin	Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor	260 mg, 540 mg, 1080 mg TAE (tannic acid equivalents)/mL	[84]
Thompson seedless raisins	Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis	3.9–500 mg/mL	[85]
Seeds	Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum	1000–8000 µg/mL	[89]
	Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces viscosus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum	250–8000 µg/mL	[90]
	Streptococcus mutans	1–3 mg/mL	[86]
	Actinomyces oris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella dispar	10 g/L	[91]
Red wine extract and seed extract	Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Veillonella parvula, Actinomyces naeslundii	20 g/L	[72]