Figure 1.

Necroptosis pathway in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. (A–D) Cells were maintained under basal conditions. Expression levels of p-receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 (A,B) and p-RIP3 (C,D), which are involved in the signaling pathway of necroptosis, were determined and normalized to the loading control, GAPDH. Data are the value of the representative blot and correspond to the mean ± SD of three independent lines (* p < 0.05, compared to control (Co) lines). Each group consisted of three cell lines: control (C1, C2, and C3), idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD: I1, I2, I3), and GS (PD patients with the G2019S LRRK2 mutation: G1, G2, G3) groups; un: unspecified. Experiments were done at least three times.