Table 5.
Antibacterial and antifungal activities based on extracts of quelite species.
| Quelite Species | Extract 1 (Plant Part) |
Identified Compounds 2 | Microorganisms | MIC 3 (μg/mL) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amaranthus retroflexus | EE and ME (whole plants) | NE | Penicillium verrucosum var. verrucosum (NBIMCC 2003 NRRL F-143), P. expansum, Fusarium graminearum (NBIMCC 2294 IMI 155426) and Aspergillus ochraceus (NBIMCC 2002 IM-BAS) and A. niger | 125,000 | [101] |
| Galinsoga parviflora | EE (whole plants) | Caffeoyl derivatives, isoquercitrin, quercimeritrin and quercetagetin | Bacillus subtilis (6633), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853), Escherichia coli (10538), Aspergillus niger (16404) and Candida albicans (10231) | 100,000 | [102] |
| Portulaca oleracea | ME (whole plants) | Lupeol, β-sitosterol and daucosterol | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhea, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans | 1000 | [104] |
| Crotalaria longirostrata | PF, EAF, AF, DMF, EEF and SDW (leaves) | Phenolic compounds, alkaloids, essential oils and glycosides |
Escherichia coli (ITTG-1879), Citrobacter freundii (Cf-ITTG) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ITTG-850). Fusarium oxysporum A. Comiteca (FoC-ITTG), Fusarium oxysporum A. tequilana (FoT-ITTG) and Fusarium solani A. comiteca (FsC-ITTG). |
200,000 | [107] |
| Suaeda nigra | PEE, EAE, ACE, ME and AE (leaves) | Cardiac glycosides |
Bacillus cereus (ATCC11778), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29737), Corynebacterium rubrum (ATCC14898), Escherichia coli (NCIM2931), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9027), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC23564), and Klebsiella pneumonia (NCIM2719) Candida albicans (ATCC209l), Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC34664), Candida glabrata (NCIM3448) and Candida apicola (NCIM3367) |
20 | [108] |
| Porophyllum ruderale | DE (leaves) | Thiophene derivatives: 5-methyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene and 5′-methyl–[5–(4–acetoxy-1–butynyl)]–2,2′-bisthiophene | Leishmania amazonensis (WHOM/BR/75/JOSEFA) | 60.3–77.7 | [109] |
| Dysphania ambrosioides and Chenopodium ambrosioides | EE, CF, EAF and BF (leaves) | Rutin, quercetin and chrysin |
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 340), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Paenibacillus apiaries, P. thiaminolyticus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ATCC 25618), M. smegmatis (ATCC 700084) and M. avium (LR541CDC) |
4300–68,800 | [110] |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | EE (roots, leaves, and stems) | Steroids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and saponins | Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 20,000 | [111] |
| ME (leaves) | Alkaloids, tannins, saponin, flavonoids and cardiac glycoside | Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Fungi: Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus niger |
31,250–500,000 | [112] | |
| Eryngium foetidum | EE, ME and AE (leaves) | Flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins | Bacillus megaterium (MTCC 8510), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Bacillus flexus (MTCC 7024), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Pseudomonas oleovorans (MTCC 617), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 7028), Salmonella enteric (MTCC 1164) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 723) | 25 | [113] |
| PEE, CE, EAE, ME and AE (leaves) | Anthocyanins, sterols, triterpenoids and anthraquinones | (a) Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. (b) Candida albicans |
(a) 3.12–200 (b) 1.56–12.5 |
[114] | |
| ME and AE (leaves) | Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinones and sterols | Helicobacter pylori | 64–1024 | [115] | |
| Erythrina americana | ME (seeds) | Alkaloids | Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma harzianum | NR | [63] |
| Cestrum nocturnum | CF, EAF and AF (leaves) | Triterpenes, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates | (a) Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli (ATCC 35210), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC 7973), Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). (b) Fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 36839), Penicillium ochrochloron (ATCC 9112) and Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium |
(a) 0.6–3.75 (b) 0.075–2.5 |
[135] |
| EAE, ME, EE and CE (leaves and stems) | Ethyl | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus | 55–350 and 25–400 | [136] | |
| HE, CE, EAE and ME (flower) | Acetate, ethanol, and methanol extracts | F. oxysporum (KACC 41083), Phytophthora capsici (KACC 40157), C. capsici (KACC 410978), F. solani (KACC 41092), Rhizoctonia solani (KACC 40111), S. sclerotiorum (KACC 41065) and B. cinerea (KACC 40573) | 125–1000 | [137] | |
| Begonia maculata | ME (leaves) | NE | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus | 20,000 | [116] |
| Begonia soli-mutata, B. goegoensis, B. foliosa, B. erythrophylla, B. thiemei, B. peltata, B. heracleifolia B. dregei, B. mexicana | EE (leaves) | Phenol, tannins, xanthoproteins, steroids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, sapogenins, coumarins and carbohydrates | Citrobacter freundii | 52,631 | [117] |
| Persea americana | ME (leaves and bark) | Saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids and terpenoids | (a) Bacillus subtilis (NCIB 3610), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 8588), Escherichia coli (NCIB 86), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIB 418) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIB 950); (b) Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli |
(a) 10,000–30,000 (b) 3–12 |
[118] |
| Phytolacca americana | ME, HF, CF, EF and BF | Kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, isoquercitrin and ferulic acid | Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC BAA-1703), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 700610) and Escherichia coli (DH5α) | 200–1800 | [122] |
| Sechium edule | EE (leaves, stems and fruit) | Flavonoids | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pyogenes | 4.16–16.64 or 8.32–16.64 |
[128] |
| Solanum torvum | CE and ME (roots, leaves and stems) | Tannins | Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Streptococcus-β-haemolyticus, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae | 64–128 | [129] |
1 Hexane extract (HE); chloroform extract (CE); dichloromethane extract (DE); ethyl acetate extract (EAE); ethanolic extract (EE); methanol extract (ME); aqueous extract (AE); ether extract (ETE); petroleum ether extract (PEE); acetone extract (ACE); hexane fraction (HF); butanol fraction (BF); chloroform fraction (CF); ethyl acetate fraction (EAF); propanone fraction (PF); ethyl acetate fraction (EAF); aqueous fraction (AF); dichloromethane fraction (DF); ethyl ether fraction (EEF); sterile distilled water (SDW); 2 NE = not evaluated; 3 NR = not reported.