Table 1.

Positive health activity of selected polyphenols and target/signaling pathways involved in PC.

Polyphenols	Activity and Signaling Pathways	Ref.
Resveratrol and triacetylresveratrol	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, antitumor and immunomodulatory; Cyclooxygenase, hydroperoxidase, protein kinase C, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, AKT, focal adhesion kinase, NFκB, matrix metalloprotease-9, cell cycle regulators, Hedgehog (Hh) and PI-3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways, Bax stimulation.	[71,72]
Quercetin	Antioxidative and radical scavenging activity; Expression of cancer stem cell-markers, angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis.	[119,126,127]
Green tea flavanols	Chelation of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) ions; Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of NO-synthase gene expression and NO-synthase enzyme activity, Akt inhibition, decrease of mutant p53 protein.	[130,132,133,134,137]
Grape flavanols	Reversed EMT process, cell migration inhibition; miRNA expression modulation, decreased NF-κB inactivation, cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis.	[143,144,145,146]
Curcumin	Antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects; Modulation fo NFkB, STAT-3, SP1, Notch-1, COX-II, ATM/Chk1, WT1.	[157,158,159,160]
Benzyl isothiocyanate	Chemopreventive activity; Inhibition of AKT, STAT-3, HDAC, NFkB.	[169,170]
Capsaicin	Inhibit tumor growth by NF-kB inactivation, ROS generations, cell-cycle arrest and modulating EGFR/HER-2 pathways	[178,180]