Figure 3.

Liver mitochondria adopt different ROS release signatures in response to which substrates are being used as fuels. i. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), and complex III are major sources of ROS when Krebs cycle-linked metabolites are being oxidized. ii. Complexes II and III are major sources when succinate feeds electrons directly into the UQ pool are being oxidized. iii. Both choline and dimethylglycine, which are oxidized by choline dehydrogenase (CDH) and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH), generate ROS by RET to complex II and forward flow to complex III. X indicates RET is blocked. Enzymes denoted in red are significant ROS sources. Green indicates that it is a negligible source under those bioenergetic conditions.