Table 3.

Diffusivity and partition parameters obtained after application of elderberry and red radish lipsticks to the SC either in vivo human volunteers or ex vivo on porcine ear skin. All values are the mean ± standard deviation (n = 9). Statistical significance denoted by (*) (p ≤ 0.05), determined by two-way ANOVA.

Formula	Test System	K a	D/L2 b (h−1)
Elderberry	Ex vivo	0.229 ± 0.02	0.142 ± 0.05
	In vivo HPLC	0.224 ± 0.01	0.142 ± 0.04
	In vivo FTIR	0.224 ±0.02	0.144 ± 0.06
Red Radish	Ex vivo	0.204 ± 0.01	0.136 ± 0.07
	In vivo HPLC	0.209 ± 0.03	0.146 ± 0.02
	In vivo FTIR	0.207 ± 0.03	0.138 ± 0.01

^a K, Vehicle/SC partition constant; ^b D/L², diffusivity coefficient within the skin (Equation (A1)), Figure 3.