Table 2. Summary of the Activities for Aerobic Oxidation of Ethyl Lactate to Ethyl Pyruvate.
| catalyst | conversion (%)a | selectivity (%)a | yield (%)a | TOF (h–1)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5V2O5/g-C3N4 | 64.7 (27.0) | 87.3 (86.3) | 56.5 (23.3) | 33.9 |
| 10V2O5/g-C3N4 | 79.0 (42.6) | 87.4 (87.4) | 69.1 (37.2) | 27.1 |
| 13V2O5/g-C3N4 | 96.2 (67.4) | 85.6 (88.1) | 82.2 (59.4) | 33.2 |
| 15V2O5/g-C3N4 | 87.3 (60.3) | 86.5 (86.5) | 75.5 (52.2) | 25.3 |
| 20V2O5/g-C3N4 | 87.6 (61.4) | 87.6 (86.6) | 76.8 (53.2) | 19.4 |
| 25V2O5/g-C3N4 | 73.4 (50.4) | 87.9 (87.9) | 64.5 (44.3) | 12.9 |
| V2O5 (300 °C) | 94.0 (29.8) | 91.3 (91.7) | 85.8 (27.3) | 2.0 |
| V2O5 (550 °C) | 17.3 (7.1) | 82.1 (82.5) | 14.2 (5.9) | 0.4 |
| 13V2O5/TiO2 (300 °C) | 99.8 (49.8) | 60.2 (82.2) | 60.1 (40.9) | 22.9 |
| 13V2O5/TiO2 (550 °C) | 98.7 (20.9) | 67.4 (84.5) | 66.5 (17.7) | 9.9 |
| g-C3N4 | 1.5 | 78.2 | 1.2 | |
| 13V2O5/g-C3N4c | 96.0 (64.4) | 83.8 (84.5) | 80.5 (54.4) | 30.4 |
a
The values outside and inside the bracket are the data obtained at 4 and 2.5 h, respectively. Conditions: 10 mmol ethyl lactate, 2 mL diethyl succinate, 50 mg catalyst, 130 °C, and 1 atm O2.
b
Calculated as moles of ethyl pyruvate formed per moles of V per hour at 2.5 h.
c
Reaction conditions are magnified 5 times.