Table 2. Univariable and multivariable analyses of established predictors of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales infection, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, January 2010–December 2016 (n = 376).

Parameter	Cases (ESBL-positive) (n = 94)		Controls (ESBL-negative) (n = 282)		Univariable analyses			Multivariable analysesa
	n	%	n	%	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value
Parameters by Tumbarello et al. [ 11 ]
Recent hospitalisationb	60	64	135	48	2.16	1.27–3.69	0.005	NS	NA	NA
Admission from other healthcare facility	17	18	26	9	2.18	1.12–4.25	0.023	3.07	1.37–6.88	0.007
Antibiotic therapy with β-lactams or fluoroquinolonesc	60	64	74	26	4.96	3.02–8.16	< 0.001	4.10	2.17–7.74	< 0.001
Urinary catheterisationd	28	30	47	17	2.17	1.25–3.77	0.006	NS	NA	NA
Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 4	16	17	44	16	1.10	0.59–2.05	0.767	NS	NA	NA
Age ≥ 70 years	47	50	165	59	1.21	0.75–1.95	0.444	NS	NA	NA
Parameters by Goodman et al. [ 12 ]
History of ESBL-PE colonisation/infectione	32	34	8	3	18.06	7.02–46.47	< 0.001	15.32	5.52–42.53	< 0.001f
Hospitalisation in ESBL high-burden regione,g	1	1	2	1	1.50	0.14–16.54	0.741	NS	NA	NA
Chronic indwelling vascular hardwareh	21	22	45	16	1.61	0.86–3.00	0.136	NS	NA	NA
Any antibiotic exposure within last 6 monthsi	56	60	74	26	5.85	3.21–10.64	< 0.001	NS	NA	NA
Age ≥ 43 years	87	93	260	92	1.25	0.49–3.20	0.647	NS	NA	NA

CI: confidence interval; ESBL: extended-spectrum β-lactamase; ESBL-PE: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales; OR: odds ratio NA: not applicable; NS: not selected.

^a Multivariable analyses included all variables presented in the table, only variables chosen by stepwise logistic regression using stepwise forward and backward selection, as well as Akaike information criterion (AIC), are presented in the table.

^b More than 2 days within 12 months before index hospitalisation.

^c Lasting > 48 h during the 3 months preceding admission.

^d Within 30 days before index blood culture.

^e Within 6 months before index hospitalisation.

^f Selected by lasso regression and recursive partitioning algorithms (decision tree statistics).

^g India (1), France (1) and North Macedonia (1).

^h Central venous catheters (including peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)-lines, ports, pace makers) and central dialysis catheters.

ⁱ Extended-spectrum penicillins, third/fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.

Bold print indicates significant p values.