Table 5.
Factors associated with health services utilization (OR[95CI])
| M1: Outpatient | M2: Inpatient | M3: Outpatient | M4: Inpatient | M5: Inpatient | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = Insured population | N = All population | ||||
| Insurance (uninsured as base level) | |||||
| URBMI | / | / | 1.23 [1.04,1.46]* | 1.57 [1.28,1.93]* | 1.54 [1.25,1.89]* |
| Year (2008 as base level) | |||||
| 2013 | 1.07 [1.02,1.11]* | 1.11 [1.06,1.17]* | 1.05 [1.02,1.09]* | 1.60 [1.31,1.95]* | 1.41 [1.15,1.72]* |
| Age group (60–69 as base level) | |||||
| 70–79 | 1.20 [1.05,1.38]* | 1.42 [1.22,1.66]* | 1.22 [1.07,1.38]* | 1.41 [1.22,1.63]* | 1.34 [1.16,1.55]* |
| 80+ | 0.88 [0.71,1.09] | 0.84 [0.66,1.06] | 1.00 [0.84,1.21] | 0.91 [0.74,1.13] | 0.92 [0.74,1.13] |
| Income level (per person, low as base level) | |||||
| Middle | 1.25 [1.07,1.47]* | 1.14 [0.96,1.36] | 1.27 [1.10,1.48]* | 1.13 [0.96,1.33] | 1.11 [0.94,1.31] |
| High | 1.46 [1.26,1.71]* | 1.30 [1.10,1.54]* | 1.52 [1.32,1.75]* | 1.34 [1.14,1.57]* | 1.31 [1.11,1.53]* |
| Income source (other as base level, such as from children, friends) | |||||
| Own | 0.87 [0.75,1.00] | 1.11 [0.95,1.31] | 0.86 [0.75,0.98]* | 1.16 [1.00,1.35] | 1.15 [0.98,1.34] |
| Difficulty in self-care in the past month (no difficulty as base level) | |||||
| Yes | 1.03 [0.83,1.27] | 1.59 [1.28,1.97]* | 1.19 [1.01,1.41]* | 2.15 [1.81,2.54]* | 1.98 [1.67,2.35]* |
| EQ-5D | 0.25 [0.17,0.37]* | 0.12 [0.08,0.18]* | 0.25 [0.17,0.37]* | 0.26 [0.21,0.33]* | 0.32 [0.26,0.41]* |
| Self-reported NCDs (no as base level) | |||||
| Yes | / | / | / | / | 2.54 [2.21,2.91]* |
| Gender (women as base level) | |||||
| Men | 0.93 [0.81,1.06] | 0.90 [0.78,1.05] | 0.95 [0.84,1.07] | 0.92 [0.80,1.05] | 0.96 [0.83,1.11] |
| Household size (1-2person as base level) | |||||
| 3–4 | 1.00 [0.84,1.18] | 0.94 [0.78,1.14] | 1.09 [0.93,1.27] | 1.05 [0.88,1.25] | 1.03 [0.87,1.23] |
| ≥ 5 | 1.08 [0.91,1.29] | 1.07 [0.89,1.30] | 1.07 [0.91,1.25] | 1.06 [0.89,1.27] | 1.08 [0.90,1.29] |
| Highest education of family (None and primary as base level) | |||||
| Secondary | 1.09 [0.93,1.28] | 0.80 [0.68,0.95]* | 1.03 [0.89,1.18] | 0.91 [0.78,1.06] | 0.91 [0.78,1.07] |
| College and above | 0.98 [0.79,1.22] | 0.65 [0.51,0.82]* | 1.07 [0.91,1.25] | 0.82 [0.65,1.02] | 0.82 [0.65,1.02] |
| Marital status (single or widowed as base level) | |||||
| Married | 1.05 [0.89,1.24] | 0.95 [0.79,1.14] | 1.04 [0.84,1.21] | 0.93 [0.78,1.10] | 0.94 [0.79,1.11] |
| LR chi2 | 97.07 | 324.10 | 158.77 | 427.15 | 615.92 |
| P | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
*p < 0.05