Table 1.

Summary of ncRNAs dysregulated in cardiac development and pediatric heart failure

ncRNA	Study Model	Expression	Potential Targets/Interactors	Cardiac Effect	Study Author and Year	Ref. No.
miR-19a	Embryonic zebrafish	Downregulated	S1PR1	Promote cardiac developmental defects	Guzzolino et al. 2018	9
miR-9	Cardiac tissue of children with CHD; zebrafish; cultured HEK-293T cells	Upregulated	TBX5 rs6489956	Affects transcription activity of TBX5 rs6489956	Wang et al. 2017	41
miR-30a	Cardiac tissue of children with CHD; zebrafish; cultured HEK-293T cells	Upregulated	TBX5 rs6489956	Affects translational activity of TBX5 rs6489956	Wang et al. 2017	41
miR-199b	Ovine RVH model	Downregulated	Dyrk1a	Decreases NFAT transcription activity	Kameny et al. 2018	10
miR-29a	Ovine RVH model	Upregulated	Col1A and Col3A1	Antifibrotic effect	Kameny et al. 2018	10
miR-199a-5p	Children with cyanotic CHD and acyanotic CHD; cultured human myocardial cells	Downregulated	GRP78 and ATF6	Myocardial protection during hypoxia	Zhou et al. 2017	48
CAREL	Mice; mice cells; iPS cells; HEK-293 cells	Increased	miR-296, various other miRNAs predicted	Diminished cardiac repair	Cai et al. 2018	3
Ppp1r1b	Mice; C2C12 cells; children with TOF	Inverse relationship	Tcap, other mRNAs	Congenital heart defects	Touma et al. 2016	37
HA117	Children with TOF	Increased	Unknown	Lower $\text{S}{\text{p}}_{{\text{O}}_2}$; increased duration cardiopulmonary bypass; lower McGoon’s ratio; lower Nakata index; lower LVEDVI and LVEF	Wang et al. 2018	43
EGOT	H9c2 cells	Increased	Cyclin D1, other mRNAs	Increased cardioprotection against hypoxia	Zhang et al. 2018	46
ENSMUST00000117266	Mice	Decreased	Multiple mRNAs	Decreased cardiomyocyte proliferative activity; cardiac development	Sun et al. 2017	34

ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; CAREL, cardiac regeneration-related lncRNA; CHD, congenital heart disease; Col1A, collagen type 1A1; Col3A1, collagen type 3A1; Dyrk1a, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1a; EGOT, eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein; HEK-293T; human embryonic kidney-293T; iPS, induced pluripotent stem cells; LVEDVI, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; miRNA, micro-RNA; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated cell; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy; $\text{S}{\text{p}}_{{\text{O}}_2}$, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; S1PR1, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; TBX5, T-box transcription factor; Tcap, Titin-Cap; TOF, Tetralogy of Fallot.