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. 2020 Jul 8;20:358. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02729-3

Table 3.

Number, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA’s p-values of PCL-5, BHS and CD-RISC scores specified for different sociodemographic and clinical variables, and SDS, SAS, CTQ scores. We reported also, in the last column, the p-values of Multivariate analysis

PCL (n = 93) BHS (n = 113) CD-RISK (n = 114) MANOVA (n = 90)
N Mean STD p-value N Mean STD p-value N Mean STD p-value p-value
Sex
Female 13 39.15 18.2 0.90698 16 7.06 3.91 0.77880 16 57.38 19.05 0.94257 0.98107
Male 80 39.69 14.69 97 7.74 4.68 98 54.65 19.23
Age
  < 25 yrs 48 37.90 13.67 0.53490 51 6.82 3.62 0.30857 52 55.96 20.00 0.39312 0.53490
  > 25 yrs 45 41.44 16.48 62 8.32 5.16 62 54.26 18.53
Geographic Area
Europe 6 36.17 15.72 0.78925 10 5.4 3.86 0.14143 10 61.3 19.88 0.54794 0.19945
Asia 6 39 15.27 12 11.83 4.75 12 51.33 20.24
Africa 72 40.25 14.05 82 7.32 4.27 83 54.46 19.42
Education level
Low 11 36.09 11.41 0.29901 13 9.62 4.35 0.71730 13 54.23 19.75 0.61421 0.33339
Medium 42 42.55 16.06 51 7.18 3.65 50 53.62 19.73
High 36 37.94 15.02 44 7.91 5.42 45 56.11 19.59
Employment situation
Unemployed 74 40.57 14.96 0.35970 94 7.83 4.59 0.84788 94 54.67 20.12 0.89253 0.84192
Worker 18 36.5 15.79 17 7.35 4.34 18 55.39 14.08
Marital status
Single 67 39.31 15.12 0.36713 83 7.57 4.62 0.65205 84 54.36 18.35 0.41177 0.26782
Married 17 43.41 12.92 19 7.37 4.25 19 56.68 19.99
Divorced /Widow 9 34.67 18.72 11 8.73 5 11 57.36 24.79
Religion
Muslim 44 40.34 15.09 0.44680 54 8.96 4.61 0.00049** 54 50.81 18.94 0.02555* 0.00526*
Christian 40 38.35 14.72 45 5.8 3.89 47 59.17 18.58
Other 7 46.14 17.93 11 8.64 4.86 11 57 21.3
Psychiatric disorder
No 13 31.69 13.82 0.00703** 14 4.43 2.14 0.04999* 14 68.36 14.93 0.07017 0.00764*
Traumatic 33 41.12 14.41 37 8.38 4.87 39 50.08 17.19
Neurotic 13 30.54 19.85 19 6.89 3.83 18 53.83 17.71
Psychotic 29 44.86 11.8 37 8.27 4.95 37 54.86 20.83
Social support
Low 37 39.3 17.11 0.97496 40 6.83 4.16 0.97661 42 60.02 16.63 0.08350 0.29070
High 45 39.18 13.13 57 8.05 4.63 57 51.95 18.98
Socio-economic condition
Low 70 40.09 15.13 0.49704 88 7.85 4.6 0.60908 87 53.86 19.29 0.29750 0.31511
Medium-High 14 37.57 16.11 17 6.65 4.6 18 62.06 18.76
Traumas in adult life
No 17 37.41 18.33 0.56293 20 6.35 4.38 0.83535 20 60 16.64 0.60848 0.87057
Yes 68 39.82 14.32 80 7.9 4.63 82 53.2 19.24
Negative stressful events
No 11 35.55 14.26 0.36411 13 5.77 4.49 0.39757 13 61.85 18.94 0.73768 0.72667
Yes 75 39.91 15.14 93 7.92 4.62 94 54.04 19.37
PCL (n = 93) BHS (n = 113) CD-RISK (n = 114) Multivariate p-values (n = 90)
N Mean STD p-value Mean STD N p-value N Mean STD p-value
Agitation
No 63 39.43 15.27 0.22521 79 7.15 4.44 0.79012 81 57.2 18.8 0.60715 0.58751
Yes 16 44.56 12.66 17 7.12 4.23 17 54.35 18.19
Insomnia
No 23 31.26 14.29 0.00116** 24 6.13 3.86 0.29766 25 56.72 20.23 0.75819 0.01391*
Yes 65 42.6 14.68 83 7.81 4.57 84 54.95 18.76
Social isolation
No 42 37.31 16.29 0.13833 47 7.38 4.44 0.20579 49 55.51 18.7 0.70292 0.14515
Yes 39 42.31 13.47 51 7.57 4.67 51 54.29 20.34
Current physical diagnosis
No 65 38.98 15.78 0.43230 80 7.03 4.43 0.01934* 81 57.49 18.28 0.70292 0.11402
Yes 24 42.21 13.88 28 9 4.57 29 48.9 19.82
Suicide attempt
No 75 39.11 14.62 0.15806 90 7.16 4.46 0.16643 91 56.11 19.83 0.64612 0.34585
Yes 8 47.13 18.28 13 10.62 4.74 13 47.31 15.5
Zung Self rating Depression Scale (SDS)
No depression 41 32.8 14.04 0.00014** 51 5.57 3.66 0.00002** 51 60.53 19.37 0.01603* 0.00000**
Mild depression 40 43.48 14.45 43 8.09 4.05 45 52.02 18.19
Moderate-high depression 12 50 10.44 18 12.33 4.56 18 47 17.18
Zung Self rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)
No anxiety 37 29.81 12.98 0.00000** 47 5.68 3.37 0.00057** 46 55.41 19.66 0.53741 0.00000**
Mild anxiety 47 44.79 12.44 55 8.36 4.72 57 55.84 18.97
Moderate anxiety 9 52.89 13.44 11 12.45 3.86 11 49.27 18.68
CTQ-28 Emotional maltreatment
Low 56 36.95 14.84 0.02769* 67 7.18 4.34 0.92425 68 54.19 20.69 0.40690 0.15812
Medium-High 37 43.65 14.83 44 8.43 4.86 45 56 16.83
CTQ-28 Physical maltreatment
Low 39 35.05 14.89 0.00942** 44 7.43 4.84 0.88137 45 55.82 22.1 0.84046 0.06007
Medium-High 54 42.91 14.54 67 7.84 4.42 68 54.31 17.14
CTQ-28 Sexual abuse
Low 49 37.53 17.36 0.16027 60 7.38 4.6 0.07472 60 55.77 19.88 0.43309 0.22764
Medium-High 44 41.93 11.93 51 8.02 4.57 53 53.94 18.51
CTQ-28 Emotional neglect
Low 55 41.24 16.46 0.21480 62 6.61 3.94 0.01912* 64 62.77 17.54 0.00000** 0.00000**
Medium-High 38 37.26 12.78 49 9.02 4.99 49 44.65 16.29
CTQ-28 Physical neglect
Low 23 33 17.5 0.01015* 29 7.28 5.3 0.14296 30 61.87 20.32 0.17732 0.02475*
Medium-High 70 41.79 13.7 82 7.82 4.32 83 52.4 18.24