Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and biological data of control participants and patients with PD
| Controls (n = 23) | PD‐N (n = 74) | PD‐MCI (n = 71) | PD‐D (n = 33) | P‐value Control versus PD‐N | P‐value within PD groups | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 74.53 (1.37) | 70.91 (0.82) | 72.89 (0.76) | 76.17 * , † (0.93) | 0.03 | 0.001 |
| Female/male | 8/15 | 28/46 | 19/52 | 5/28 | ns | 0.049 |
| Education (years) Median (range) | 13 (10‐18) | 13 (9‐20) | 11 *(8‐19) | 11 (9‐20) | ns | 0.005 |
| Years since symptom duration | 11.56 (0.61) | 11.60 (0.57) | 11.40 (1.19) | ns | ||
| Years since diagnosis | 8.96 (0.53) | 10.04 (0.56) | 10.07 (1.17) | ns | ||
| LED Median (range) | 845.37 (0‐3893) | 914.38 (0‐3162) | 798.00 (0‐3140) | ns | ||
| BMI | 25.85 (0.89) | 26.30 (0.52) | 26.35 (0.63) | 25.35 (0.50) | ns | ns |
| MoCA | 27.57 (0.32) | 26.51 (0.27) | 22.53 * (0.34) | 16.85 * , † (0.86) | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Global Z score | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.06) | −0.85 * (0.06) | −1.79 * , † (0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LMD score | 1.43 (0.19) | 0.67 (0.10) | −0.72 * (0.10) | −1.80 * , † (0.20) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| H&Y Median (range) | 2.50 (1‐3) | 2.50 ** (1‐5) | 3.00 *** (2‐5) | <0.001 | ||
| MDS‐UPDRS III | 35.20 (1.68) | 43.73 * (1.84) | 48.95 * (2.95) | <0.001 | ||
| IGF‐1 (ng/mL) | 146.27 (10.41) | 159.50 (6.03) | 160.30 (5.95) | 135.20 * , † (8.15) | ns | 0.03 |
| IGFBP‐3 (ng/mL) | 3332.92 (154.22) | 3128.31 (74.55) | 3166.86 (85.41) | 2865.40 (122.71) | ns | ns |
| cGP (ng/mL) | 7.44 (1.69) | 7.41 (0.54) | 7.56 (0.61) | 6.24 (0.74) | ns | Ns |
| cGP/IGF‐1 molar ratio | 2.32 (0.61) | 2.07 (0.17) | 2.11 (0.20) | 2.10 (0.31) | ns | Ns |
| IGF‐1/IGFBP‐3 molar ratio | 0.18 (0.009) | 0.21 (0.007) | 0.21 (0.007) | 0.19 (0.008) | 0.03 | ns |
PD‐N, Parkinson disease with normal cognitive function; PD‐MCI, Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment; PD‐D, Parkinson disease with dementia; LED, levodopa equivalent dose; BMI, body mass index; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr score; MDS‐UPDRS III, Movement Disorder Society—Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; LMD, Learning Memory Domain scores; Global Z score, global measure of cognitive function derived from comprehensive neuropsychological testing.
Parametric data were analyzed using t test and one‐way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests for comparison between controls and PD‐N and within PD groups, respectively, and presented as mean (SEM). Non‐parametric data were analyzed using Mann‐Whitney U test and Kruskal‐Wallis test with Dunn‐Bonferroni post hoc test accordingly and presented as median (range). The gender effects were analyzed using chi‐square test.
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 indicating the differences from PD‐N group;
† P < 0.05, †† P < 0.01 indicating the difference from PD‐MCI.