. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 9.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2016 Apr 14;51(4):485–492. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.031

Table 2.

Change in Annual School Lunch Participation Before and After Implementation of the Updated USDA School Meal Standards and the Massachusetts Competitive Food Law

Annual school lunch participation	Full sample of school districts (n=11)^a				Subsample of school districts (n=7)^b
	Baseline	Year 1			Baseline	Year 1			Year 2
	M^c (SE)	M^c (SE)	Difference^d (SE)	p-value^e	M^c (SE)	M^c (SE)	Difference^d (SE)	p-value^e	M^c (SE)	Difference^f (SE)	p-value^e
Overall lunch participation (%)	43.43 (2.33)	43.80 (2.33)	0.38 (1.28)	0.78	48.75 (2.52)	47.81 (2.52)	−0.95 (1.99)	0.64	48.55 (2.52)	−0.20 (2.10)	0.93
Free lunch (%)	64.59 (2.94)	62.05 (2.94)	−2.54 (1.47)	0.12	70.00 (5.32)	67.28 (5.32)	−2.72 (2.75)	0.35	71.01 (5.40)	1.01 (2.91)	0.74
Reduced-price lunch (%)	53.66 (3.00)	57.17 (3.00)	3.52 (2.34)	0.17	58.46 (2.92)	63.48 (2.92)	5.02 (2.95)	0.12	73.61 (3.06)	15.14 (3.10)	0.0006
Full-price lunch (%)	34.27 (3.14)	35.16 (3.14)	0.90 (1.77)	0.62	37.66 (4.41)	36.47 (4.41)	−1.19 (1.86)	0.54	35.43 (4.46)	−2.23 (1.97)	0.28

Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).

n=11 consists of all of the school districts participating in the financial portion of the NOURISH study that provided data at a baseline and Year 1 post-implementation.

n=7 consists of the schools that provided financial data at baseline and at Year 1 and Year 2 post-implementation.

Calculated using least squares mean regression.

Difference is calculated as Year 1 – baseline.

Calculated using ANOVA, accounting for repeated measures within a school district, and adjusted for the percent of students eligible for free or reduced-price meals and the average school sizes of the participating schools.

Difference is calculated as Year 2 – baseline.

USDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture; NOURISH, Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health.