Figure 1.

Hydromorphone treatment perturb fundamental aspects of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD pathogenesis in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Hydromorphone treatment induces body weight loss, gut permeability, and bacterial translocation. [A] Changes in body weight [n = 4 per group]. [B] Measurement of rhodamine B fluorescence level in plasma of hydromorphone-treated and control mice show degree of intestinal permeability [n = 4 per group]. [C] Bacterial translocation. Liver was isolated, homogenised, and cultured on blood agar plate overnight and colony-forming units [CFU] were counted [n = 4 per group]. Mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM], 95% confidence interval [CI]. Asterisk [*] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] vs control group. and hash sign [#] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] between treatment groups by analysis of variance [ANOVA] followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.