Figure 2.

Hydromorphone worsens clinical symptoms of colitis and increase severity of the disease. [A] Body weight loss after DSS challenge in hydromorphone-treated and non-treated mice. Control mice received water alone [n = 7 per group]. [B] Representative images of colonoscopic examination. Colonoscopy score was calculated by assessing various characteristic with maximum score of 18 in control and treated mice [n = 7 per group]. [C] Colon length shortening. Representative images of the colon from each group and colon length was measured [n = 7 per group]. Mean ± SEM, 95% CI. Asterisk [*] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] vs control group and hash sign [#] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] between treatment groups by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. DSS, dextran sulphate sodium; SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ANOVA, analysis of variance.