Figure 4.

Hydromorphone induces inflammation and accelerates clinical manifestations of colitis in IL-10 KO mice. [A] Body weight loss in hydromorphone-treated and non-treated IL-10 KO mice. Control mice received saline [n = 10 per group]. [B] Colon length shortening. Representative images of the colon from each group and colon length was measured [n = 10 per group]. [C] Bacterial translocation [n = 10 per group]. [D] Representative images of H&E-stained sections of the colon from control and treated mice. Scale bar: 50 μm [original magnification: x 20] [n = 10 per group]. Histological scoring was done based on different histopathological features and histopathological changes were scored in a blinded fashion by a pathologist. [E] The concentration of IL-6 [n = 10 per group] and [F] IL-17 in the liver homogenate were measured using ELISA [n = 10 per group]. Mean ± SEM, 95% CI. Asterisk [*] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] vs control group and hash sign [#] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] between treatment groups by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ANOVA, analysis of variance.