Figure 7.

Hydromorphone in combination with DSS upregulates MOR and TLRs expression and determine mRNA levels of [A] MOR expression [n = 4 per group], [B] TLR2 expression [n = 4 per group], and [C] TLR4 expression using qPCR [n = 4 per group]. Analysis was done as described in materials and methods. Mean ± SEM, 95% CI. Asterisk [*] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] vs control group and hash sign [#] indicates statistical significance [p <0.05] between treatment groups by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. DSS, dextran sulphate sodium; MOR, mu opioid receptor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ANOVA, analysis of variance.