Table 2.
HIV Disease Characteristics and Other Comorbid Conditionsa
| High Income | Latin America and Caribbean | Southeast/East Asia | South Asia | Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Descriptor | Total (N = 7770) | Canada (N = 131) | Spain (N = 213) | USA (N = 3752)b | Brazil (N = 1099) | Haiti (N = 140) | Peru (N = 148) | Puerto Rico (N = 36) | Thailand (N = 590) | India (N = 504) | Botswana (N = 281) | South Africa (N = 570) | Uganda (N = 181) | Zimbabwe (N = 125) |
| HIV-Related Health Status | |||||||||||||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 13 (8, 19) | 16 (10, 23) | 19 (11, 26) | 15 (9, 22) | 10 (6, 16) | 6 (4, 11) | 9 (5, 12) | 15 (7, 21) | 17 (12, 20) | 10 (7, 13) | 13 (11, 14) | 8 (5, 12) | 12 (8, 16) | 9 (6, 11) |
| Mode of HIV acquisitionc | Heterosexual contact | 3955 (51%) | 17 (13%) | 33 (15%) | 1179 (31%) | 589 (54%) | 139 (99%) | 22 (15%) | 12 (33%) | 476 (81%) | 480 (95%) | 226 (80%) | 486 (85%) | 179 (99%) | 117 (94%) |
| Homosexual Contact | 2754 (35%) | 77 (59%) | 106 (50%) | 1937 (52%) | 393 (36%) | 1 (1%) | 123 (83%) | 20 (56%) | 84 (14%) | 5 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Injection Drug Use | 199 (3%) | 15 (11%) | 51 (24%) | 116 (3%) | 4 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (11%) | 9 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Multiple modes | 284 (4%) | 5 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 208 (6%) | 47 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (2%) | 6 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 99 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (<.5%) | 56 (1%) | 15 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 8 (3%) | 4 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Unknown | 475 (6%) | 15 (11%) | 17 (8%) | 252 (7%) | 51 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 44 (16%) | 76 (13%) | 1 (1%) | 7 (6%) | |
| Nadir CD4 count (cells/mm3) | <50 | 1406 (18%) | 25 (19%) | 22 (10%) | 814 (22%) | 170 (15%) | 7 (5%) | 24 (16%) | 4 (11%) | 127 (22%) | 83 (16%) | 36 (13%) | 50 (9%) | 34 (19%) | 10 (8%) |
| 50–199 | 2386 (31%) | 38 (29%) | 57 (27%) | 980 (26%) | 333 (30%) | 27 (19%) | 38 (26%) | 7 (19%) | 232 (39%) | 230 (46%) | 184 (65%) | 157 (28%) | 64 (35%) | 39 (31%) | |
| 200–349 | 2039 (26%) | 39 (30%) | 65 (31%) | 907 (24%) | 317 (29%) | 34 (24%) | 56 (38%) | 6 (17%) | 190 (32%) | 141 (28%) | 54 (19%) | 150 (26%) | 43 (24%) | 37 (30%) | |
| ≥350 | 1677 (22%) | 29 (22%) | 51 (24%) | 871 (23%) | 268 (24%) | 70 (50%) | 30 (20%) | 8 (22%) | 41 (7%) | 50 (10%) | 5 (2%) | 192 (34%) | 35 (19%) | 27 (22%) | |
| Unknown | 262 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 18 (8%) | 180 (5%) | 11 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (31%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 21 (4%) | 5 (3%) | 12 (10%) | |
| History of AIDS-Defining Event | 1849 (24%) | 21 (16%) | 18 (9%) | 716 (19%) | 361 (33%) | 1 (1%) | 11 (7%) | 3 (8%) | 153 (26%) | 250 (50%) | 48 (17%) | 169 (30%) | 89 (49%) | 9 (7%) | |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3)d | Median (Q1, Q3) | 621 (448, 827) | 667 (460, 880) | 702 (481, 925) | 613 (443, 829) | 674 (488, 885) | 580 (437, 729) | 653 (480, 865) | 693 (469, 969) | 625 (476, 784) | 591 (378, 758) | 591 (452, 756) | 633 (449, 831) | 531 (369, 764) | 542 (398, 806) |
| HIV-1 RNA below LLQ | <20 | 2819 (47%) | 19 (15%) | 64 (30%) | 2518 (70%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (17%) | 15 (65%) | 59 (12%) | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 136 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6%) |
| <40 | 2243 (37%) | 101 (79%) | 94 (45%) | 537 (15%) | 911 (94%) | 60 (87%) | 15 (63%) | 4 (17%) | 415 (85%) | 50 (66%) | 0 (0%) | 48 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (44%) | |
| <400 | 188 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 38 (18%) | 18 (<0.5%) | 1 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<.5%) | 9 (12%) | 93 (98%) | 27 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6%) | |
| ≥LLQ | 748 (12%) | 8 (6%) | 15 (7%) | 544 (15%) | 60 (6%) | 9 (13%) | 5 (21%) | 4 (17%) | 16 (3%) | 14 (18%) | 2 (2%) | 63 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (44%) | |
| HIV-1 RNA (log10 cp/mL)e | Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.3) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 1.6 (1.5, 2.0) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.2) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.7) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.7) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.4) | 1.5 (1.5, 1.7) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | 3.8 (2.1, 4.8) | 2.9 (2.9, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.4) | - | 2.6 (2.3, 3.0) |
| Total ART use (years) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 10 (5, 15) | 11 (7, 17) | 16 (9, 22) | 11 (6, 17) | 7 (4, 13) | 4 (3, 7) | 6 (4, 10) | 11 (6, 17) | 13 (9, 16) | 7 (5, 11) | 12 (9, 13) | 5 (3, 8) | 10 (5, 14) | 8 (6, 10) |
| ART regimen class | NRTI + INSTI | 1978 (25%) | 72 (55%) | 97 (46%) | 1698 (45%) | 52 (5%) | 11 (8%) | 2 (1%) | 17 (47%) | 3 (1%) | 2 (<.5%) | 15 (5%) | 3 (1%) | 6 (3%) | 0 (0%) |
| NRTI + NNRTI | 3676 (47%) | 26 (20%) | 60 (28%) | 912 (24%) | 590 (54%) | 102 (73%) | 118 (80%) | 7 (19%) | 465 (79%) | 410 (81%) | 237 (84%) | 502 (88%) | 126 (70%) | 121 (97%) | |
| NRTI + PI | 1439 (19%) | 11 (8%) | 26 (12%) | 637 (17%) | 383 (35%) | 26 (19%) | 26 (18%) | 5 (14%) | 106 (18%) | 83 (16%) | 28 (10%) | 61 (11%) | 43 (24%) | 4 (3%) | |
| NRTI-sparing | 199 (3%) | 8 (6%) | 21 (10%) | 131 (3%) | 15 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 9 (2%) | 9 (2%) | 1 (<.5%) | 2 (<.5%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other NRTI-containing | 476 (6%) | 14 (11%) | 8 (4%) | 373 (10%) | 59 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 5 (14%) | 7 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (<.5%) | 5 (3%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other Comorbidities | |||||||||||||||
| History of cancer | 287 (4%) | 5 (4%) | 9 (4%) | 201 (5%) | 45 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (3%) | 10 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 10 (6%) | 0 (0%) | |
| History of non-AIDS cancer | 152 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 121 (3%) | 14 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| History of kidney disease | 29 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 23 (1%) | 3 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Chronic active HBV | 210 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 5 (2%) | 122 (3%) | 17 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 39 (7%) | 1 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 16 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Chronic active HCV | 156 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 128 (3%) | 6 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 16 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (<.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; LLQ, lower limit of quantitation; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; RNA, ribonucleic acid.
aFrequency (%) for categorical measures, median with lower and upper quartiles (Q1, Q3) for continuous measures. All statistics are calculated out of participants with data collected. Missing data include the following: time since HIV diagnosis (n = 4); HIV-1 RNA below LLQ (n = 1772); total ART use (n = 2); ART regimen class (n = 2); medical history (n = 6).
bUS enrollment excludes participants in Puerto Rico based on Global Burden of Disease Super Region classification.
cParticipant self-report of most likely mode of HIV acquisition; “Other” includes transfusion, occupational exposure, and hemophilia-associated injections.
dCD4 count obtained at screening.
eAmong participants with quantifiable HIV-1 RNA.