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. 2020 Jul 9;15(7):e0235545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235545

Table 1. Adult pain facial expression descriptors, FACS action units and appearance [26], pain-related AUs and muscles [16,27].

Descriptor Action Unit Appearance Change Muscular Basis
Brow lowerer AU4 The eyebrows are lowered and pulled together, pushing the eyelid down. Corrugator supercilii
Cheek raiser AU6 The skin around the temples and cheeks is drawn towards the eyes, narrowing the eye opening. Orbicularis oculi
Lid tightener AU7 The eyelids are tightened, narrowing the eye opening. Orbicularis oculi
Nose wrinkler AU9 The skin along the sides of the nose is pulled upward and wrinkled. Levator labii superioris
Upper lip raiser AU10 The upper lip is drawn up, with the central portion being raised higher than the lower portions. Levator labii superioris
Lip corner puller AU12 The lip corner is pulled up diagonally towards the cheekbone. Zygomaticus major
Mouth stretcher AU20 The lips are pulled back and sideways, making the mouth look longer. Risorius
Eye closer AU43 The eyes are closed, with no apparent tension in the lids. Orbicularis oculi