Table 4.

LV function stiffness during cardiac loading and unloading

	Middle-age untrained	Older untrained	Older trained	ANOVA p value
Individual static LV chamber stiffness constant	0.065 (0.049 - 0.080)	0.085 (0.061 - 0.138)	0.047 (0.031 - 0.054)†#	<0.001
Dynamic operating stiffness during LV unloading, ∆mmHg/∆ml/m2	0.47 (0.38 - 0.55)	0.58 (0.36 - 0.81)	0.41 (0.30 - 0.44)†	0.016
Dynamic operating stiffness during LV loading, ∆mmHg/∆ml/m2	1.10 (0.78 - 1.55) (20)	2.28 (1.20 - 3.83) (34)*	1.08 (0.95 - 1.62)† (12)	<0.001

Nonparametric sampling distributions are shown as median (25% - 75%). Data was analysed by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA on Ranks with post hoc analysis (Dunn’s method). The single number in parentheses represents the number of observations if different from the stated n in Table 1.

LV, left ventricular

^*p <0.05 older trained versus middle-age untrained

^†p <0.05 older trained versus older untrained

^#p =0.053 older trained versus middle-age untrained