TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of the preterm cohort
| Characteristic | Breast milk (n = 44) | Formula (n = 24) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal primiparity, n (%) | 8 (18.2) | 6 (25.0) | .54 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <.01 | ||
| Hispanic | 8 (18.2) | 1 (4.2) | |
| White | 4 (9.1) | 5 (20.8) | |
| Asian | 11 (25.0) | – | |
| Black | 14 (31.8) | 18 (75.0) | |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 2 (4.6) | – | |
| Other/Unknown | 5 (11.4) | – | |
| Antenatal steroids, n (%) | 19 (43.2) | 10 (41.7) | 1.00 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 28 (63.6) | 13 (54.2) | .45 |
| Birth gestational age, median (IQR) | 26.9 (25.6-29.1) | 28.0 (26.0-30.3) | .11 |
| Birth weight (kg), median (IQR) | 0.90 (0.70-1.20) | 0.96 (0.76-1.25) | .64 |
| Birth HC (cm), median (IQR) | 24.3 (21.8-26.4) | 24.3 (23.0-27.0) | .50 |
| SGA at birth, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 3 (12.5) | .68 |
| Nutrition days, median (IQR) | 76.5 (49.5-97.5) | 71.0 (55.0-98.5) | .83 |
| Infection, n (%) | 24 (54.5) | 19 (79.1) | .04 |
| Moderate-severe BPD, n (%) | 16 (36.3) | 11 (45.8) | .45 |
| ROP (≥Stage 2), n (%) | 15 (34.1) | 7 (29.2) | .79 |
| Surgical NEC, n (%) | 4 (9.1) | 2 (8.3) | 1.00 |
| Surgery, n (%) | 18 (40.9) | 10 (41.2) | .95 |
| Postnatal steroids, n (%) | 15 (34.1) | 11 (45.8) | .34 |
| Mechanical ventilation (days), median(IQR) | 5.0 (1.5-24.5) | 7.5 (1.5-27.0) | .90 |
Abbreviations: BPD, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; HC, Head Circumference; IQR, Interquartile Range; NEC = Necrotising Enterocolitis requiring laparotomy or drain placement; ROP, Retinopathy of Prematurity; SGA, Small for Gestational Age (<10%).