Table 2.
The experimental evidence of N. sativa and its constituents on different respiratory diseases.
| Preparation | Dose | Study model | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aqueous extract | 18.7 mg/kg | Chemical war victims | Improved PFT and respiratory symptoms | (Boskabady et al., 2008) |
| Alcoholic extract & oil | 0.01 to 1 mg/ml | Human lung cancer | Reduced cell viability | (Al-Sheddi et al., 2014) |
| α-hederin TQ | 6–40 μM, 25–150 μM | HEp-2 cellular model | Constrained cell proliferation, evoked apoptosis & necrosis | (ROONEY and Ryan, 2005) |
| Thymoquinone | 5microM | HEp-2 cellular model | Constrained cell numbers | (Womack et al., 2006) |
| Hydro-ethanolic extract | 0.1 g/kg | Cigarette smoke exposed guinea pigs | Protective effect against TR | (Keyhanmanesh et al., 2014) |
| N. sativa oil | 1 ml/kg | Pulmonary fibrosis | Constrained inflammatory index & fibrosis score, Preventive effect against fibrosis | (Abidi et al., 2017) |
| Thymoquinone | 20 and 40 mg/kg | Pulmonary fibrosis | Subdued oxidative stress, Down regulation of pro-fibrotic genes, Preventive effect against fibrosis | (Pourgholamhossein et al., 2016) |
| Thymoquinone | 5 mg/kg | Pulmonary fibrosis | Inhibited NF-Kb, Preventive effect against fibrosis | (El-Khouly et al., 2012) |
| Thymoquinone | 8, 12, 16 mg/kg | Pulmonary artery hypertension | Constrained pulmonary arterial remodelling. Improved hypertension | (Zhu et al., 2016) |
| N. sativa oil | 1.808 μg/kg | Patients have nasal dryness | Improved dryness, Obstruction & crusting | (Oysu et al., 2014) |
| Hydro-ethanolic extract | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | Rhino-sinusitis | Decreased NO level, Prevented histopathological changes | (Yoruk et al., 2017) |
| Ethanolic extract | 125, 250, 500 mg/kg | CLP induced sepsis | Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines Reduced oxidative stress markers Reduced histopathology changes | (Bayir et al., 2012) |
| Aqueous extract | 15 mg/kg | Asthmatic patients | Improved asthmatic symptoms, chest wheeze, and PFT values. Reduced the required dosage of inhaler, β-agonists, corticosteroid, and theophylline | (Boskabady et al., 2007) |
| Seed powder | 1 and 2 g (13 mg & 26 mg/kg | Asthmatic patients | Enhanced PFT and ACT score, Increased FEF25–75% & FEV1%. Decreased FeNO & IgE, Increased IFN-γ | (Salem et al., 2017) |
| Aqueous extract | 100 mg/kg | Asthmatic patients | Improved overall clinical symptoms, Elevated FEV1% & FVC/l | (Al-Jawad et al., 2012) |
| α-hederin | 0.02 mg/kg | OVA sensitized rats | Decreased IL-2 & IL-17 mRNA levels. Increased miRNA-133a gene expression. | (Ebrahimi et al., 2016) |
| α-hederin | 0.3 and 3 mg/kg | OVA- sensitized guinea pigs. | Decreased tracheal responsiveness, WBCs & eosinophils. | (Saadat et al., 2015) |
PFT; Pulmonary Function Test, ACT; Asthma Control Test, NO; Nitric Oxide, TR; Tar, CLP; Cecal Ligation and Puncture, OVA; ovalbumin, FEV; Forced Expiratory Volume, FEF; Forced Expiratory Flow, FeNO; Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide.