Table 1.
The most common bacterial and fungal species reported from different water-related indoor habitats
| Indoor habitat | Bacteria | Fungi | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kitchens |
Acinetobacter johnsonii Acinetobacter pittii Acinetobacter ursingii Bacillus cereus Campylobacter spp. Clostridium perfringens Chryseobacterium hominis Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella spp. Listeria monocytogenes Moraxella osloensis Proteus spp. Pseudomonas spp. Rhizobium spp. Salmonella spp. Sphingomonas spp. |
Apiotrichum spp. Aspergillus spp. Aureobasidium spp. Candida spp. Capronia spp. Cladophialophora spp. Cladosporium spp. Cryptococcus spp. Cyphellophora spp. Cystobasidium spp. Exophiala spp. Fonsecaea spp. Fusarium spp. Hyphopichia spp. Issatchenkia spp. Knufia spp. Malassezia spp. Meyerozyma spp. Naganishia spp. Ochroconis spp. Penicillium spp. Phoma spp. Pichia spp. Phialophora spp. Rhinocladiella spp. Rhodotorula spp. Trichosporon spp. Wickerhamiella spp. Wickerhamomyces spp. |
Adams et al. 2013 Alwakeel 2007 Bintsis 2017 Cardinale et al. 2017 Flores et al. 2011 Flores et al. 2012 Kelley et al. 2004 Mead et al. 1999 Novak Babič et al. 2016b Rossi et al. 2013 Wang et al. 2018 Zupančič et al. 2016 |
| Dishwashers |
Acinetobacter baumannii Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
Candida parapsilosis Exophiala dermatitidis Exophiala phaeomuriformis Fusarium spp. Magnusiomyces capitatus Meyerozyma guilliermondii Pichia spp. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saprochaete clavata |
Gümral et al. 2015 Zalar et al. 2011 Zupančič et al. 2016 Zupančič et al. 2019 |
| Refrigerators and freezers |
Arthrobacter spp. Bacillus spp. Carnobacterium spp. Escherichia coli Flavobacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp. Listeria spp. Pantoea spp. Pseudomonas spp. Salmonella spp. Sphingobacterium spp. Staphylococcus spp. |
Acremonium spp. Alternaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Botrytis cinerea Candida spp. Cladosporium spp. Cyphellophora spp. Exophiala spp. Knufia spp. Mucor racemosus Ochroconis spp. Penicillium italicum Rhinocladiella spp. Rhizopus oryzae Scopulariopsis spp. |
Altunatmaz et al. 2012 Buchholz et al. 2011 Jeon et al. 2013 Maktabi et al. 2013 Wang et al. 2018 |
| Bathrooms |
Citrobacter spp. Enterobacter spp. Enterococcus spp. Escherichia spp. Klebsiella spp. Legionella spp. Mycobacterium spp. Pseudomonas spp. Serratia spp. Streptoccous mutans Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus spp. |
Aspergillus spp. Aureobasidium spp. Candida spp. Cladosporium spp. Cryptococcus spp. Cyphellophora spp. Exophiala spp. Fusarium spp. Knufia spp. Leptosphaeria spp. Malassezia spp. Naganishia spp. Ochroconis spp. Penicillium spp. Phialophora spp. Rhinocladiella spp. Rhodotorula spp. Schizophylum spp. |
Ankola et al. 2009 Cole et al. 2003 Eguchi et al. 2013 Hamada and Abe 2010 Hamada and Fujita 2000 Moat et al. 2016 Novak Babič et al. 2017b Wang et al. 2018 |
| Washing machines |
Acinetobacter spp. Bacillus spp. Clostridium difficile Corynebacterium spp. Enhydrobacter spp. Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiella oxytoca Micrococcus luteus Pseudomonas spp. Sphingomonas spp. Staphylococcus aureus |
Alternaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Capronia spp. Cladosporium spp. Cryptococcus spp. Cystobasidium slooffiae Exophiala spp. Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) Knufia spp. Microsporum canis Naganishia spp. Ochroconis spp. Penicillium spp. Rhodotorula spp. Trichophyton spp. Trichosporon spp. |
Callewaert et al. 2015 Gattlen et al. 2010 Kubota et al. 2012 Novak Babič et al. 2015 Panagea et al. 2005 Perry et al. 2001 Rozman et al. 2013 Schmithausen et al. 2019 Stapleton et al. 2013 Tanaka et al. 2006 Wang et al. 2018 |
| Clothes dryers |
Bacillus spp. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes |
No data |
Brunton 1995 Fijan and Šostar Turk 2012 |
| Saunas |
Bacillus spp. Janthinobacterium sp. Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis Stenotrophomonas sp. Tepidomonas sp. Virgibacillus sp. |
Candida spp. Exophiala dermatitidis Phialophora spp. Rhinocladiella spp. |
Lee and Park 2012 Novak Babič et al. 2017b |