Table 3.
Reported examples of bioconversion of pectin-rich residues by non-conventional yeasts
| Yeast | Pectin-rich residues | Initial sugar concentration (of total sugars in hydrolysate) | Bioproducts (final concentration or yield) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis NRRL Y-7124 | Sugar beet pulp hydrolysate | 75 g/L | Ethanol (37.1 g/L) | Günan Yücel and Aksu (2015) |
| Pichia kudriavzevii KVMP10 | Kinnow mandarin peels hydrolysate | 79 g/L | Ethanol (34 g/L) | Kaur Sandhu et al. (2012) |
| Orange peel hydrolysate | 101 g/L | Ethanol (54 g/L) | Koutinas et al. (2016) | |
| Candida parapsilosis IFM 48375 | Orange peel hydrolysate | – | Ethanol (0.85 g EtOH/4.2 g of dry matter of orange peel) | Tsukamoto et al. (2013) |
| Candida parapsilosis NRRL Y-12969 | Orange peel hydrolysate | – | Ethanol (0.76 g EtOH/4.2 of dry matter of orange peel) | Tsukamoto et al. (2013) |
| Hanseniaspora uvarum H.u. 283 | Apple pomace hydrolysate | 36 g/kg of apple pomace | Ethanol (2.8% (w/w) of reducing sugars) Volatile fruity-like aroma compounds (esters and γ-Nonalactone) | Rodríguez Madrera et al. (2015) |
| Hanseniaspora valbyensis H.v. 43 | Apple pomace hydrolysate | 36 g/Kg of apple pomace | Ethanol (2.8% (w/w) of reducing sugars) Volatile fruity-like aroma compounds (esters and γ-Nonalactone) | Rodríguez Madrera et al. (2015) |
| Yarrowia lipolytica MYA-2613 | Apple pomace hydrolysate | 80 g/L | Lipids (25.8 g/L (C16:0; C18:0; C18:1 C20:0) | Liu et al. (2019) |
| Trichosporon cutaneum AS 2.571 | Beet pulp hydrolysate | 52 g/L | Lipids (7.2 g/L) (palmitic; stearic; oleic, linolenic) | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Trichosporon fermentans CICC 1368 | Beet pulp hydrolysate | 52 g/L | Lipids (5.8 g/L) (palmitic; stearic; oleic, linolenic) | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509 | Beet pulp hydrolysate | 52 g/L | Lipids (6.9 g/L) (palmitic; stearic; oleic, linolenic) | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Rhodosporidium toruloides NRRL1091 | Orange peel waste | 18 g/L | Lipids (5.8 g/L) (palmitic; oleic) | Carota et al. (2020) |
| Cryptococcus laurentii UCD 68–201 | Orange peel waste | 18 g/L | Lipids (4.5 g/L) (palmitic; oleic) | |
| Rhodotorula sp. | Apple pomace hydrolysate | 40 g/L | Carotenoids (16.8 mg/100 g DCW) | Joshi et al. (2013) |
| Trichosporon penicillatum SNO-3 | Citrus peel hydrolysate (Citrus unshiu) | 23.2% (w/w) | Protopectin-solubilizing enzyme | Sakai and Okushima (1980) |
| Torula (Candida) utilis CCT3469 | Apple pomace hydrolysate | 15%(w/w) | Lignocellulosic enzymes: pectinase (25 μg/mL), manganese-dependent peroxidase (2.5 μg/mL), cellulase and xylanase (< 1 μg/mL) | Villas-Bôas et al. (2002) |
| Torula (Candida) utilis DSM 70163 | Sugar beet pulp hydrolysate | 45 g/L | Single cell protein (43% g protein/g sugar consumed) | Nigam and Vogel (1991) |
| Candida tropicalis DSM 7015 | 45 g/L | Single cell protein (39% g protein/g sugar consumed) | Nigam and Vogel (1991) | |
| Candida parapsilosis DSM 70125 | 45 g/L | Single cell protein (34% g protein/g sugar consumed) | Nigam and Vogel (1991) | |
| Candida solani ATCC 14440 | 45 g/L | Single cell protein (35% g protein/g sugar consumed) | Nigam and Vogel (1991) |