Online-only Table 2.
Major sources used in the compilation of IBCAO Ver. 4.0. Published peer-review articles and cruise reports linked to the data sources are listed where available in our metadata records. Bathymetric data that have been contributed without metadata are not listed, although used in the compilation where no other data are available.
| Alaska Fisheries Science Center of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Alaskan Fisheries) |
Bathymetry data from the Alaska bathymetry compilations for the Aleutian Islands, central and western Gulf of Alaska and Norton Sound: https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/RACE/groundfish/Bathymetry/default.htm Digitized chart soundings, Alaska: Proofed digitized historical chart soundings from “smooth sheets” covering Alaskan waters44–47 |
| Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) |
81 Cruises of Multibeam data in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean region. 11 Cruises of multibeam data in the South and West Pacific: |
|
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), Infrastructures Division; Barcelona University (UB), Department of Stratigraphy, Paleontology and Marine Geosciences (now Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics); University of Bremen, MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, CAGE, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate; Italian Navy, Italian Hydrographic Institute |
OGS provided a combined grid of the following datasets Multibeam bathymetry from EGLACOM cruise with RV OGS-Explora in 2008 to the western Barents Sea margin48 Multibeam bathymetry from SVAIS cruise with RV Hesperides 2007 to the western Barents Sea margin49 Multibeam bathymetry from DEGLABAR cruise with RV OGS-Explora in 2015 to the western Barents Sea margin50 Multibeam bathymetry from EDIPO cruise with RV OGS-Explora in 2015 to the western Barents Sea margin51 Multibeam bathymetry by MARUM from MSM30 (CORIBAR) cruise with RV M.S. Merian in 2013 to the western Barents Sea margin52 Multibeam bathymetry by University of Tromsø from Glacibar cruise with RV Jan Mayen in 2009 to the western Barents Sea margin53,54 Multibeam bathymetry by Italian Hydrographic Institute from High North 17 and 18 cruise with RV Alliance in 2017 and 2018 to the western Barents Sea margin55,56 |
| British Antarctic Survey (BAS), UK NERC Polar Data Centre |
Multibeam data from three cruises of the RRS James Clark Ross: JR51, 2000, Greenland and Norwegian Seas 57,58 JR175, 2009, West Greenland 35 JR211, 2008, Svalbard 59 |
| Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) |
Non-Navigational (NONNA-100) Bathymetric Data (gridded compilation): All currently validated, digital bathymetric sources acquired by CHS, combined at a resolution of approximately 100 meters. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/d3881c4c-650d-4070-bf9b-1e00aabf0a1d |
| Capricorn Greenland Exploration A/S |
Single beam bathymetry from two surveys in 2008 and 2009: No publications available |
| ConocoPhillips |
Single beam navigation data from Baffin Bay seismic surveys: No publications available Navigation data from 2D-seismic surveys for exploration of hydrocarbons in Baffin Bay, West Greenland, in 2012, conducted by Polarcus DMCC for ConocoPhillips. Released to and provided through Greenland Institute of Natural Resources for the purpose of preparation for publication in IBCAO/GEBCO. |
| Digitized depth contours from bathymetric maps | Contours digitized from six published maps are used in the IBCAO Ver. 4.0 compilation where no other data are available 43,60–63 |
| EMODnet (gridded compilation) |
The EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM) 2018: A multilayer bathymetric product for Europe’s sea basins, based upon more than 9400 bathymetric survey data sets and Composite DTMs gathered from 49 data providers from 24 countries22 |
| Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (GIN RAS) |
Multibeam data from four surveys with RV Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov of the Knipovich Ridge (Updated since IBCAO v3 with higher resolution)64 |
| Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) |
Multibeam and single beam bathymetry from CCGS Louis St-Laurent: Single beam LSL2007 65 LSL2008 66 LSL2009 67 LSL2010 68 LSSL2011 69 Multibeam LSSL2014 70 LSSL2015 71 LSSL2016 72 |
| Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) |
Single beam data acquired during seismic exploration surveys of the Greenland continental margin provided by GEUS: This contribution consists of >30 surveys carried out by various exploration companies for which the moratorium of the single beam bathymetry has expired. |
| Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Danish Geodata Agency |
Multibeam bathymetry collected by Fugro for Demark’s extended continental shelf claim: No publication available |
| Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Stockholm University and Swedish Polar Research Secretariat |
Multibeam bathymetry from Swedish icebreaker Oden acquired during the Lomonosov Ridge off Greenland (LOMROG) Expeditions 2007–2012 and East Greenland Ridge Expeditions (EAGER) 2011: LOMROG, 2007, Central Arctic Ocean 73,74 LOMROG 2009, Central Arctic Ocean 75 LOMROG 2012, Central Arctic Ocean 38,76 EAGER 2011, East Greenland Ridge 77 |
| Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) |
Hoburg’s shoal survey from 2016/2017 78 |
| GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel |
Multibeam data from RV Maria S. Merian: 05/03, 2007, Ilulissat Ice Fjord 79 |
| Global Multi-resolution Topography Data Synthesis (GMRT) |
GMRT version 3.5: A multi-resolutional compilation of edited multibeam sonar data collected by scientists and institutions worldwide, that is reviewed, processed and gridded by the MGDS Team and merged into a single continuously updated compilation of global elevation data, provided at 15 arc sec resolution to GEBCO. |
| Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR) |
Crowd source data and multibeam data provided through Greenland Institute of Natural Resources: These data include single beam soundings collected by GINR vessels Martek Aps, Kisaq, Greenland Police and Polar Seafood and multibeam bathymetry collected by Sanna in Nuup Kangerlua (Godthaabsfjord), Ameralik and Fyllas Bank of West Greenland in 2018. |
| IceBridge BedMachine Greenland |
IceBridge BedMachine Greenland, Version 3: Greenland under-ice topography/bathymetry gridded compilation. Gridded resolution is 150 × 150 m on a Polar Stereographic projection21 |
| International Hydrographic Organization Data Center for Digital Bathymetry (IHO DCDB) |
Bathymetric Soundings extracted from the data maintained by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Data Center for Digital Bathymetry (DCDB) at the US National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI): |
| Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) |
Multibeam bathymetry collected with Japanese RV Mirai extracted from Data and Sample Research System for Whole Cruise Information in JAMSTEC: MR00_K06: http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/MR00-K06/e MR02_K05: http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/publication/mirai/mr02-k05/e MR04_K05: No publication available MR99_K05: http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/mirai/mr99-k05_leg1/e |
| Korean Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) |
Multibeam data from Korean RV Araon expeditions: ARA02B and ARA03B 80 ARA04C: No publication available |
| Maersk |
Single beam navigation data from Baffin Bay seismic surveys: No publication available Navigation data from 2D-seismic surveys for exploration of hydrocarbons in Baffin Bay, West Greenland, in 2012, conducted by Polarcus DMCC for Maersk Oil. Released to Greenland Institute of Natural Resources for the purpose of preparation for publication in IBCAO/GEBCO. |
| MAREANO; Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) |
Bathymetric model of the Norwegian continental shelf compiled by the MAREANO project: This gridded bathymetric model (incorporated at a resolution of 50 × 50 m) has been produced by using high quality hydrographic survey data, primarily multibeam. In ocean areas, the coverage is largely dependent on the surveys organized by the MAREANO program (www.mareano.no/en). The coverage area is extended continuously and the data is updated whenever new hydrographic surveys are finished being processed. https://kartkatalog.geonorge.no/metadata/67a3a191–49cc-45bc-baf0-eaaf7c513549 |
| Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center |
Single beam from RH SABVABAA (Hoovercraft) drifts in the central Arctic Ocean: Drifts in 2011 and in 2014/2015 81 |
| NASA-Ocean Melting Greenland project, Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of California Irvine |
Multibeam bathymetry acquired by the Ocean Melting Greenland Project (OMG) 2013–2018 along the coast of Greenland from airborne marine gravity and ship-based observations 8,31,32,82–88 |
| National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) |
Single beam data from Melville Bay, Greenland, contributed by NGA: No metadata included on contribution |
| Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Earth Institute (R/V Marcus G. Langeth expeditions) |
Multibeam bathymetry from R/V Marcus G. Langseth: MGL 1112, 2011, Chukchi Sea 89,90 MGL 1109, 2011, Gulf of Alaska 91 |
| Northeast Greenland Digital Bathymetric Model | Digital bathymetric model of Northeast Greenland (gridded compilation)28 |
| Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) |
Svalbard bathymetry grid based on multibeam bathymetry: Released in 2016, this dataset includes modern multibeam data from surveys up until autumn 2015. Data is originally at 10 × 10 m, but down sampled to 100 × 100 m during the incorporation. |
| The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) |
Multibeam bathymetry collected on behalf of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate: The multibeam mapping was carried out by Gardline Ltd. https://www.gardline.com/ |
| Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) |
Svalbard topography grid: New topographical data of Svalbard with updated glacial fronts from satellite imaging. |
| Olex AS, Norway |
Crowd source bathymetry provided by Olex: These data are primarily single beam soundings collected by fishing vessels using the Olex acquisition system. The data are provided gridded at a resolution of 400 × 400 m. www.olex.no |
| Shell |
Single beam navigation data from Baffin Bay seismic surveys: No publication available Navigation data from 2D-seismic surveys for exploration of hydrocarbons in Baffin Bay, West Greenland, in 2012, conducted by Polarcus DMCC for Royal Dutch Shell. Released to Greenland Institute of Natural Resources for the purpose of preparation for publication in IBCAO/GEBCO. |
| Swedish Polar Research Secretariat and Stockholm University |
Multibeam and single beam data from expeditions with Swedish icebreaker Oden: The LOMROG and EAGER expeditions are listed separately above. Single beam Arctic Ocean 1991, 1996, 2001 92–94 Multibeam AGAVE 2007 95 NEGC 2008, Operated by Statoil A/S, no publication available SAT 2008, 2009 96 SWERUS-C3 2014 Expedition 37,97,98 Petermann 2015 Expedition 30,99 Arctic Ocean 2016 Expedition 72 Ryder 2019 Expedition Oden Mapping data: https://oden.geo.su.se/ |
| Stockholm University, University of New Hampshire and Ola Skinnarmo | Multibeam bathymetry acquired in Melville Bay, west Greenland, during the VEGA-Greenland Expedition 2013, with SY Explorer of Sweden 100 |
| TelePost Greenland A/S |
Greenland Connect Nord multibeam bathymetry from south-west Greenland: No publication available Multibeam survey for offshore and inshore telecommunication cable from Nuuk to Aasiaat. Released to Greenland Institute of Natural Resources for the purpose of preparation for publication in IBCAO/GEBCO. |
| The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) |
Multibeam bathymetry from Svalbard, from seven cruises with RV Helmer Hanssen: JM09H JM10 101 HH11 102 HH12 103 HH13-NAL 104 HH13-SF 105 HH14, No publication available https://www.unis.no/ |
| University of Alaska Fairbanks and its College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences | Alaska Region Digital Elevation Model (ARDEM) Version 2.0 33 |
| University of Bremen, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences |
Multibeam data from western Svalbard region (Vestnesa Ridge) with MARUM RV Heincke106 HE449: https://www.marum.de/en/Research/RV-HEINCKE-HE449-1-August-22-August-2015-Trondheim-Tromso.html HE450: https://www.marum.de/en/Research/RV-HEINCKE-HE450-25-August-8-September-2015-Tromso-Tromso.html |
| University of New Brunswick, Ocean Mapping Group |
Multibeam bathymetry acquired with Canadian CCGS Amundsen: Multibeam data from expeditions between 2003–2011 and 2013 are provided through the Ocean Mapping Group at University of New Brunswick separately from the NONNA-100 compilation where they also are included. |
| University of New Hampshire, Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center |
Multibeam bathymetry from U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin carried Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire: https://ccom.unh.edu/theme/law-sea/arctic-ocean HLY1603 107 HLY1202 108 HLY1102 109 HLY0905 110 HLY0805 111 HLY0703 112 HLY0405 115 HLY0503 116 Bathymetry are in addition provided from the following expeditions with USCGC Healy through the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, or retrieved from the IHO-DCDB: HLY0201, HLY0203, HLY0204, HLY0304, HLY0402, HLY0403, HLY0404, HLY0501, HLY0502, HLY0602, HLY0804, HLY0806, HLY0904, HLY1002 |
| United States Geological Survey (USGS); National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) |
Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) |
| US Navy |
Bathymetry from the Arctic region collected from US Navy nuclear submarines: Single beam USS Topeka, 2012 USS New Hampshire, 2011 USS Connecticut, 2011 Single beam released in batches with no connection to specific submarine 1992–2000; 1985–1992; 1958–1985, 2001–2005 Single beam from the SCICEX program 1993–1998, and swath bathymetry from 1999 SCICEX-93; USS Pargo SCICEX-95; USS Cavalla SCICEX-96; USS Pogy SCICEX-97; USS Archerfish SCICEX-98; USS Hawkbill SCICEX-99; USS Hawkbill (Swath bathymetry aquired with the SCAMP system, see main text)39,117 |
| Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) |
Multibeam data from RV Knorr provided through WHOI Data Library and Archives: KN166-14, 2002, North Atlantic: No publication found |