TABLE 3.

Clinical symptoms in patients with NCS after 3DP-EXVS.

Symptoms	Pre-operative	Post-operative
		1 week	3–12 months	12–24 months†
N:
Macro/microhematuria	17	13	3	2*
Proteinuria	25	11	4	2*
Flank/abdominal pain	19	19	2	0
Left-sided varicocele	11	11	7	4*
Chronic fatigue	2	2	0	0

*Symptom persisted during the follow-up period. ^†Outcome: excellent in 20 patients; good in 8 patients; poor in 0 patients.