Table 4.

Pearson correlation coefficients with original P-values testing the relationship between the mass and concentrations of elements measured in abdomens and elytra in 28 Stag Beetle Lucanus cervus populations (data average per population) and six major land-cover types determined within three radii of 500 m, 1000 m and 5000 m (for clarity, each radius is shown against a different background) around the sampling sites (i.e. exact population location; for details, see Table 1). * P ≤ 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; the results meeting the FDR-adjusted P-value are indicated in bold.

Element / body part	Radius	Urban/built-up area	Woods/ parks	Agriculturalland	Grassland/ open natural habitats	Roads/railways	Water
Abdomen mass	500 m	−0.517**	0.492*	−0.174	−0.046	−0.332	0.031
	1000 m	−0.382	0.492*	−0.056	−0.306	−0.294	0.047
	5000 m	−0.461*	0.361	0.159	−0.378	−0.439*	0.193
Elytra mass	500 m	−0.379	0.398*	−0.174	−0.131	−0.277	−0.122
	1000 m	−0.258	0.421*	−0.206	−0.296	−0.219	−0.041
	5000 m	−0.191	0.398*	−0.164	−0.133	−0.313	0.085
Abdomen Ca	500 m	0.697***	−0.605***	0.037	0.170	0.429*	0.252
	1000 m	0.557**	−0.510**	0.201	0.160	0.140	0.167
	5000 m	0.628***	−0.596**	0.265	0.172	0.244	0.087
Elytra Ca	500 m	0.221	−0.081	0.069	−0.048	−0.092	−0.172
	1000 m	0.123	−0.112	0.355	−0.254	−0.007	−0.005
	5000 m	0.217	−0.280	0.493	−0.440	−0.024	0.059
Abdomen Mg	500 m	0.460*	−0.323	−0.203	0.188	0.545**	0.262
	1000 m	0.381	−0.294	−0.132	0.254	0.369	0.061
	5000 m	0.361	−0.261	−0.151	0.165	0.411	−0.017
Elytra Mg	500 m	0.071	−0.192	−0.129	0.484*	0.154	−0.168
	1000 m	0.005	−0.236	−0.110	0.489*	0.113	−0.276
	5000 m	0.057	−0.462*	0.148	0.161	0.217	−0.131
Abdomen K	500 m	−0.056	0.153	−0.218	−0.023	0.247	−0.062
	1000 m	−0.071	0.172	−0.284	0.023	−0.020	−0.300
	5000 m	−0.004	0.002	−0.033	−0.024	−0.041	−0.190
Elytra K	500 m	−0.014	0.109	−0.191	−0.065	0.230	0.148
	1000 m	−0.026	0.164	−0.237	0.015	−0.069	−0.101
	5000 m	−0.003	0.056	−0.080	−0.022	−0.104	−0.111
Abdomen Na	500 m	−0.003	−0.033	0.043	0.055	0.366	0.048
	1000 m	0.069	−0.050	−0.040	0.104	0.021	−0.121
	5000 m	0.088	−0.173	0.033	0.165	0.082	−0.061
Elytra Na	500 m	−0.175	−0.112	0.237	0.203	0.098	−0.157
	1000 m	−0.128	−0.052	−0.028	0.219	−0.078	−0.241
	5000 m	−0.062	−0.282	0.152	0.219	0.008	−0.158
Abdomen Mn	500 m	−0.174	0.303	−0.324	−0.145	−0.049	0.055
	1000 m	−0.200	0.373	−0.359	−0.143	−0.209	−0.154
	5000 m	−0.185	0.411*	−0.312	−0.113	−0.294	−0.223
Elytra Mn	500 m	−0.305	0.483*	−0.417*	−0.173	−0.156	−0.207
	1000 m	−0.336	0.496	−0.360	−0.202	−0.181	−0.377
	5000 m	−0.315	0.445*	−0.129	−0.435*	−0.338	−0.286
Abdomen Fe	500 m	0.290	−0.259	−0.176	0.264	0.247	0.429*
	1000 m	0.272	−0.182	−0.194	0.300	−0.080	0.277
	5000 m	0.213	−0.030	−0.321	0.375	0.015	−0.006
Elytra Fe	500 m	0.254	−0.181	−0.049	0.059	0.040	0.103
	1000 m	0.251	−0.192	0.095	0.135	−0.122	0.026
	5000 m	0.091	−0.126	0.104	0.135	−0.095	−0.113
Abdomen Zn	500 m	0.536**	−0.358	−0.003	0.012	0.586**	−0.097
	1000 m	0.445*	−0.359	−0.097	0.222	0.305	−0.277
	5000 m	0.580**	−0.408*	−0.070	0.252	0.403*	−0.353
Elytra Zn	500 m	0.113	−0.077	−0.128	−0.003	0.152	0.407*
	1000 m	−0.011	0.016	−0.085	0.083	−0.327	0.153
	5000 m	−0.006	0.060	−0.083	0.119	−0.184	−0.045
Abdomen Cu	500 m	−0.015	0.039	−0.190	−0.004	0.380	0.307
	1000 m	0.001	0.072	−0.239	0.082	−0.001	0.090
	5000 m	0.062	−0.030	−0.110	0.077	0.062	0.267
Elytra Cu	500 m	0.241	−0.088	−0.101	−0.265	0.211	0.445*
	1000 m	0.147	0.005	−0.061	−0.018	−0.178	0.236
	5000 m	0.115	0.086	−0.037	−0.071	−0.127	−0.093
Abdomen As	500 m	0.102	−0.297	−0.058	0.428*	0.283	−0.056
	1000 m	0.070	−0.371	−0.137	0.531**	0.177	−0.054
	5000 m	0.159	−0.375	−0.270	0.424*	0.430*	0.221
Elytra As	500 m	0.190	−0.454*	−0.107	0.648***	0.398*	0.303
	1000 m	0.190	−0.442*	−0.328	0.639***	0.108	0.190
	5000 m	0.242	−0.336	−0.559**	0.636***	0.398*	0.165
Abdomen Cd	500 m	0.178	−0.195	0.291	−0.139	0.071	−0.283
	1000 m	0.019	−0.182	0.225	0.280	0.046	−0.301
	5000 m	0.079	−0.167	0.211	0.138	0.188	−0.394*
Elytra Cd	500 m	0.077	−0.010	−0.070	−0.080	−0.053	−0.199
	1000 m	−0.108	0.018	−0.087	0.192	−0.116	−0.315
	5000 m	−0.023	−0.120	0.191	−0.096	−0.024	−0.285
Abdomen Pb	500 m	0.615**	−0.370	−0.211	0.070	0.299	−0.048
	1000 m	0.437*	−0.263	−0.170	0.157	0.066	−0.115
	5000 m	0.508**	−0.196	−0.133	0.140	0.171	−0.294
Elytra Pb	500 m	0.003	0.142	−0.196	−0.099	−0.086	−0.109
	1000 m	−0.136	0.177	−0.032	−0.128	−0.169	−0.198
	5000 m	−0.020	−0.078	0.346	−0.334	−0.166	0.167
Abdomen Ni	500 m	0.155	0.056	−0.041	−0.332	0.068	0.022
	1000 m	0.104	0.083	−0.011	−0.197	−0.133	−0.081
	5000 m	0.119	0.193	−0.122	−0.017	−0.130	−0.358
Elytra Ni	500 m	0.234	−0.211	0.172	−0.103	0.075	0.202
	1000 m	0.211	−0.233	0.229	−0.091	−0.053	0.242
	5000 m	0.125	−0.126	0.070	0.046	0.013	0.032