Table 2.

(A) Three-level hierarchical analysis of epigenetic and genetic molecular variation (AMOVA) for 17 populations of Corydalis yanhusuo (B) Genetic and epigenetic AMOVA for natural and cultivated populations analyzed separately.

Source of variation	d.f.	Variance components	Percentage of variation	F-statistics
A) Hierarchical AMOVA
Genetic variation
Between cultivated and natural	1	28.20	23.24	Fsc = 0.327
Among populations within cultivated/natural	15	30.49	25.12	Fst = 0.484
Within populations	296	62.67	51.64	Fct = 0.232
Epigenetic variation
Between cultivated and natural	1	53.56	20.89	Fsc = 0.242
Among populations within cultivated/natural	15	49.11	19.16	Fst = 0.401
Within populations	296	153.67	59.95	Fct = 0.209
B) AMOVA
Cultivated populations:
Genetic variation
Among populations	5	6.42	10.27	Fst = 0.103
Within populations	106	56.09	89.73
Epigenetic variation
Among populations	5	31.58	15.60	Fst = 0.156
Within populations	106	170.80	84.40
Natural populations:
Genetic variation
Among populations	10	42.74	39.18	Fst = 0.392
Within populations	190	66.34	60.82
Epigenetic variation
Among populations	10	58.11	28.74	Fst = 0.287
Within populations	190	144.10	71.26

d.f., degrees of freedom; F-statistics: the proportion of variability among populations (Fst), among populations within groups (Fsc) and among groups (Fct).